Communication and Interpersonal Relationships
Communication and interpersonal
relationships
INTRODUCTION
•
Communication
is a dynamic,
reciprocal
process
of
sending
and
receiving
messages.
•
Communication
is
more
than the act
of
talking
and
listening.
From
the
first
cry of a newborn
to
the whisper of a
person
who is
dying,
the primary
purpose
of a
communication
is
to
share
information
and
obtain
a
response.
•
People
use communication
to
meet
their
physical,
psychosocial,
emotional and
spiritual
needs
DEFINITION
•
Communi
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
‘
a
n
y
act
b
y
wh
i
ch
one
pe
r
so
n
gi
v
es
t
o
o
r
r
ecei
v
e
s
f
r
o
m
pe
r
son
information
about
that
person’s
needs
desires,
states’.
pe
r
ce
p
ti
on
,
know
l
ed
g
e
Communication
may
o
r
a
ff
ecti
v
e
be
unintentional,
may
involve
i
nt
e
n
tio
n
a
l
or
c
o
n
v
e
n
tional
or
unconventional
signals,
may
take
linguistic or
non-linguistic
forms
and
may
occur
through
spoken
or
other
modes.
LEVELS OF
COMMUNICATION
•
INTRAPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
•
INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
•
GROUP
COMMUNICATION
–
PUBLIC
SPEAKING
INTRAPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
•
It is conscious
internal
dialogue,
sometimes
known
as
self-talk.
It
is language
use or
thought
internal
to
the
communicator.
•
The individual
becomes
his or
her own sender
and
receiver,
providing
feedback
to
him or
herself
in
an
ongoing
internal process.
•
It
can
be
useful
to
envision
intrapersonal
communication
occurring in
the mind of the
individual
in
a model which
contains
a
sender,
receiver
and
feedback
loop.
INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
•
It is
communication between
two
or
more
people.
•
Face
to
Face
conversation
between
two
people
is the
most
frequent
form
of
interpersonal
communication.
•
Nurses
use
interpersonal
communication
to
gather
information
during
assessment,
to
teach
about
health
issues
to
explain
care
and
to
provide
comfort
and
support.
GROUP
COMMUNICATION
•
It is
interaction
that
occurs
among
several
people.
•
Small
group
communication
occurs
when
you
engage
in
an
exchange
of
ideas
with
two
or
more
individuals
at
the
same
time.
PUBLIC
SPEAKING
•
It
is
a
unique
form
of
group
communication.
Ge
n
e
r
al
l
y
hund
r
e
d
s
the
spea
k
er
add
r
es
se
s
a
d
o
z
en
to
of
people
,
a
n
d
v
a
r
yi
n
g
deg
r
e
es
of
interaction
occur.
•
Speaker may
deliver
a
speech
talk
directly
with a
group
of audience
members
or
have
open
discussion
with the
group.
It is
at
the
heart
of
our
economy,
society and
politics.
•
Nurses
often
engage
in
public speaking
to
educate groups
of
people about health
issues
THE
COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
Communication requires
a
sender,
a
message,
a
receiver
and a
response
or
feedback.
•
Communication
is a
two-way
process
involving
the
sending and
the
receiving of
a
message.
•
Because
the
intent
of
communication
is
to
elicit
a
response
the
process
of
ongoing;
the
receiver
of
the
message then
becomes
the
sender of
a
response, and
the
original sender then
becomes
the
receiver.
Communication
Process
•
Message
•
Source
(sender)
•
Channel
•
Receiver
•
Feedback
(response)
T
h
e
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
r
o
c
e
s
s
SENDER
(encodes)
RECEIVER
(decodes)
Ba
r
rier
Ba
r
rier
Message
Feedback/Response
Modes
of
communication
•
Verbal
communication
•
Nonverbal
communication
Characteristics of
verbal
and
nonverbal
modes
of
communication
VERBAL
•
Pace
and
intonation
•
Simplicity
•
Clarity and
brevity
•
Timing
and
relevance
•
Adaptability
•
Credibility
•
Humor
NONVERBAL
•
Facial
expression
•
Posture
and
Gait
•
Personal
Appearance
•
Gestures
•
Touch
Characteristics
of
effective
communicator
W
h
a
t
a
r
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
w
a
y
s
w
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e
?
Written
Word
Factors
influencing
the
communication
process
•
Development,
•
Gender
•
Values
And
Perceptions
•
Personal
Space
•
Territoriality
Roles
And
Relationships,
•
Time
•
Environment
•
Congruence
•
Interpersonal
attitudes.
THERAPEUTIC
COMMUNICATION
•
Therapeutic communication
means
that
nurses
use
their
communication
in such
a
way
that
it
will
be
benefit
to
their
patient.
•
Therapeutic communication
differs
from
normal
communication
in
that
it
introduces
an
element
of
“empathy’’ into
what
can
be
traumatic
experience
for
the
patient
and
also
the
patient
are
made
to
feel
validated.
Importance
of therapeutic
communication
•
I
t
impels
a
f
eeling
of
c
o
m
f
or
t
i
n
the
f
ac
e
of
patient.
•
T
o
inc
r
ease
psychological
sel
f
-
w
or
t
h
distress
or
dec
r
e
ase
b
y
c
ollec
ting
information
to
determine
the illness,
assessing
and
modifying the
behaviour
and
providing
health
information.
Therapeutic
communication
techniques
•
Using
silence
•
Being
specific
and
tentative
•
Using
open-ended
questions
•
Using
touch
•
Restating
or
paraphrasing
•
Seeking
clarification
•
Perception checking
or seeking
consensual
validation
•
Offering self
•
Acknowledging
•
Giving
information
•
Clarifying
time
or
sequence
•
Presenting
reality
•
Focusing
•
Reflecting
•
Summarizing
and
planning
Barriers
to
communication
•
Stereotyping
•
Agreeing
and
disagreeing
•
Being
defensive
•
Challenging
•
Probing
•
Testing
•
Rejecting
•
Changing
topics
and
subjects
•
Unwanted
reassuarence
•
Passing
judgement
•
Giving
common
advice
Five
ways
to
facilitate
therapeutic
communication
•
Maintain
patient
–
centered
teaching
•
Suppress
prejudices
•
Create
a
therapeutic
environment
•
Be
alert
to
non
verbal
clues
•
Establish
a
trusting
relationship
Interpersonal
relationship
•
An
interpersonal relationship
is
a
strong
deep
or close
association
/
acquaintance between
two
or
more
people
that
may
range
in
duration
from
brief
to
enduring.
•
The
nurse
is
an
important
of the
health
care
team
that
must work
in
co-operation
and
harmony
for
the
care
of the
patient.
•
This
co-operation
and
harmony
depends upon
the IPR
that is
maintained
among
the
members
of the
health
care
team.
Theoretical
assertion
•
The purpose
of
nursing
achieved
though the
establishment
of a
human
to
human
relationship.
•
The human
condition
is
shared by
all human
being.
•
Most people
at
one
time
or
another and in
varying
degrees
will
experience
joy,
contentment,
happiness
and
love.
•
All
persons,
at
sometime in their
lives
will be
confronted
by
illness
and
pain.
•
The
quality
and
quantity
of
nursing
care
delivered
to
an
ill human
being is
greatly
influenced by
nurse’s
perception
of the
client.
•
The
term patient
and
nurses are stereotyped
and only
useful
for
communicate
economy.
Theoretical assertion
(cont.)
•
The
roles
of the
nurse
and
patients
must
be transcended
to
establish
a
human
to
human
relatedness.
•
Illness
and
suffering are
spiritual
encounters
as
well
as
emotional
physical
experience.
•
Communication
process
enables
the
nurses
to
establish
a
human
to
human relationship
and
thereby fulfil
the
purpose
of the
nursing
profession.
•
Individual
can
be
assisted top
find meaning in
the
experience
of
illness and
suffering
then
individual
can cope
with
the
problem
exchanged
by
these
experience.
Theoretical
assertion
(cont.)
•
The spiritual
and
ethical values
of the
nurse,
about
illness
suffering
will
determine
the
excellent
top
which
she
will
be able
to
assist
individuals and
families
to
find
meaning these
difficult
experiences.
•
It is
the
responsibility
of the
professional
nurse
practitioner
to
assist
individuals and
families
to
find
meaning
in
illness
and
suffering.
Principles
of
IPR
•
Learn
everyone’s,
name and
never
address
anyone
by
nick name.
•
Respect every
one’s
individually.
Each
member of
a
team is
as
important
as
other.(
Keep
up
the
status
of
every
member)
•
Do not force
anything
on
anybody.
•
Keep
emotions
under
control.
•
Do not
give
and
take
personal
favour.
•
Don’t be
afraid
to
admit
ignorance
Principles
of IPR
(cont.)
•
The
team
leader
should not
make
any
excuse regarding
his
or
her
responsibility.
•
D
e
v
elop
the
h
a
bit
s
of
li
s
t
e
n
ing
an
d
f
ocus
attention
on the
problem.
•
D
o
no
t
d
o
or
s
a
y
a
n
y
thing
th
a
t
wi
l
l
di
s
turb
others
faith.
•
Give importance
to
others
and
practice
justice
Characteristics
of
IPR
•
Helping
relationship
is
a
therapeutic relationship
in
nursing
which
promoting
a
psychological
climate
that brings
a
positive
change in
the
client
and
promote
his
group.
•
Facilitative
characteristics
•
Action
oriented
Facilitative
characteristics
•
Tru
s
t
It
may
be
defined
as
the
belief
that other
will
provide
in
terms
of
need and
distress
trust
fosters
open
therapeutic communication
to
foster
the
nurse’s
act
consistently,
reliably
and
competently.
•
Empathy
It’s
the
ability
to understand
and
enter
the
client’s
frame
of
reference.
Empathy
is sensing,
comprehensive
and sharing
the
client’s frame
of
reference
beginning
with the
problem
that
the
client
recognises
in other
words.
It
is
a
phase
of
sensitive
and
objective look
at
what another
person
experiences.
Facilitative
characteristics
(cont.)
•
Caring
It
is
having
a
positive
regard
for
another
person.
It is basic
in
helping
relationship. Nurses can
show caring by expediting
clients
as who
they
are
and respecting
them as individuals. It
promotes
trust
and
decrease anxiety
and
distress.
•
Autonomy
and
mutuality
It is the
ability
to
the
self
director.
Mutuality
involves
sharing
with
another.
These
are
important
in
any
helping
relationship.
Facilitative
characteristics
(cont.)
•
Genuiness
It
is
considered
to
be
most
basic
of
helping
conditions.
The helper
needs
you
be
aware
of
his
own
feelings.
He should be
comfortable
with who
he
is so that
he does
not
lookout
his own
feelings
from
himself.
•
Non
possessive
warmth
It
simply
means
unconditional positive
regard,
respect
for
others
and
praising
the
other
Interpersonal
communication
•
It
occurs
between two
or
more
person
with
a
goal
to
exchange
messages.
•
Most
of the
nurse’s
day
is
spent communicating
with
the
patient,
family members
and member of health
care
team.
•
The
nurses’
ability
to
communicate
effectively at
this
level
influences
the
nurses interpersonal
sharing,
problem
solving,
goal
attainment,
team
building and
effectiveness
in
critical
nursing
roles.
(E.g.:-
care
giver,
teacher,
counsellor,
leader, manager,
and
patient
advocate)
Mid-range
theory
of
IPR
•
Hildegard
Peplau’s
(1952:1997)
mid-range
theory
of
interpersonal
relationships
is
considered
an essential
theory
frame
work
for
the
study
of
interpersonal
relationships.
•
The
model
describes how
the
nurse-client relationship
can
facilitate
the
identification and accomplishments of
therapeutic goals
top
enhance client and
family
well-being.
•
In
today’s
health
care
environment
nurse-client relationships
are
of short
duration
concise
and
effective.
Despite
the
brevity
of
the
relationship,
Peplau’s
basic
principles
partnership
and terminating
a
relationship remain
relevant.
•
Peplau’s
frame
work
for
interpersonal
relationships
is
applicable
to
all
areas
of
nursing.
Major
concepts
•
the theory
explains the purpose
of
nursing
to
help
others
identify
their
felt
difficulties.
•
nurses
should
apply principles
of
human relations
to
the
problems
that
arise
at
all
levels
of
experience.
•
Peplau’s
theory
explains
the
phases
of
interpersonal
p
r
oce
s
s
,
r
ole
s
in
n
u
r
sin
g
si
t
u
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
m
e
th
o
d
s
of
studying
nursing
as an
interpersonal
process.
•
Nursing
is an
interpersonal process because
it
involves
interaction
between
two
or
more
individuals with
a
common
goal.
•
The
attainment
of
goal
is
achieved through
the
use
of a
series
of
steps
following
a
series
of
pattern.
•
The
nurse
and
patient
work
together
so
both
become
mature
and knowledgeable
in the
process.
Definitions
•
Person
-
A
developing
organism
that
tries
to
reduce anxiety caused by
needs.
•
Environment
-
Existing
forces
outside
the
organism
and
in the
context
of
culture.
•
Health-
A
word
symbol
that
implies
forward
movement
of
personality
and
other
ongoing
human
process
in the
direction
of
creative,
constructive,
productive, personal
and community
living.
•
Nursing-
A
significant therapeutic
interpersonal process.
It
functions
cooperatively
with
other human
process
that
makes
health possible
for
individuals
in
communities
Peplau’s
six
nursing
roles
•
Stranger
:
Receives
the client the
same
way
one
meets
a
stranger
in
other
life
situations,
provides
an accepting
climate that
builds
trust.
•
Resource
role
:
Answers
questions,
interprets
clinical
treatment
data,
and gives
information.
•
Teaching
role
:
Gives
instructions and
provides
training,
involves
analysis
and
synthesis
of the
learner
experience.
•
Counselling
role
:
Helps
client
understand
and
integrate
the
meaning of
current
life
circumstances provide
guidance
and
encouragement to
make
changes.
•
Surrogate
role
:
Helps
cl
i
e
n
t
c
l
arif
y
dom
a
i
n
s
of
dependence,
interdependence
and
independence and acts
on
client’s
behalf
as an
advocate.
•
Leadership
role
:
Helps
client
assume
maximum
r
esp
o
nsibilit
y
f
o
r
m
ee
ting
t
r
e
a
t
me
n
t
g
oal
s
in
a
mu
t
ually
satisfying
way.
ADDITIONAL
ROLES
INCLUDE
•
Technical
expert
•
Consultant
•
Health
teacher
•
Tutor
•
Socializing
agent
•
Safety
agent
•
Manager of
environment
•
Mediator
•
Administrator
•
Recorder
observer
•
Researcher
Phases
of
interpersonal
relationship
•
The
nurse-client
relation
is
therapeutic
not
social in
nature.
•
It
is
always
client centred
and
goal
directed.
•
It
is
objective
rather
than
subjective.
The
intent
of a
professional
relationship
is
for
client
behaviour
to
change.
•
It
is
a
limited relationship,
with the
goal
of
helping
the
client
find
more
satisfying behaviour
patterns
and
coping
strategies
and
increase self
worth.
•
It
is not
for
mutual
satisfaction.
Phases
of
interpersonal
relationship
(cont.)
•
Peplau’s
developmental
stages
parallel
t
o
t
h
e
nursing
process.
•
The
orientation
phas
e
c
or
r
e
l
a
t
es
with
t
he
assessment
phase
of the
nursing
process.
•
Th
e
id
e
n
tif
i
c
a
tion
c
ompone
n
t
of
the
working
phase
corresponds
to
the
planning
phase,
where
as the
exploitation
phase
parallels
the
implementation
phase.
•
The final resolution phase
of the
relationship
corresponds
to
the
evaluation
phase
of
the
nursing
process.
Pre
interaction
phase
•
The
pre interaction
phase
is the
only one
in which
the client
does not
directly participate.
•
Awareness
of
professional
goal
is
important.
•
The
preinteraction
phase
occurs
before
you
meet
the
client.
•
In
this phase
you
will
gather information
about
the
client.
•
In
this phase,
the
nurse
and client do not
have
direct
communication.
•
First
phase in
Peplau’s
theory is
orientation
phase.
Orientation
phase
•
The
nurse
enters
the
relationship
in
the “Stranger”
role
and begins
the
process
of developing
trust by providing
the
client
with
basic
information
about
the
nurse
and
essential
information
about
the
purpose,
nature,
and
time
available
for
the
relationship.
•
It is
also
referred
to
as the
introductory
or
the
prehelping
phase
is
important because
it
sets
the
tone
for
the
rest
of
the
relationship.
Orientation
phase
(cont.)
•
It begins
when
you
meet
the
client.
•
The
goal
in
this
phase
is
to
establish
rapport
and
trust.
•
Thi
s
p
has
e
b
egins
with
i
n
t
r
oduct
i
o
ns,
followed
by
an
initial
exchange
of
information.
•
Durin
g
this
ph
as
e
v
e
r
ba
l
a
n
d
no
n
v
erbal
communication
occurs.
Working
phase /
identification
phase
•
It is the
planning phase. The
conversation
in the
working
phase
turns
active
problem
solving
related
to
assess health
care
needs.
•
Clients
are
able
to
discuss
deeper,
more
difficult
issues and
experiment
with
new
role
and
actions.
Working
phase/
identification
phase
(cont.)
•
Working
phase
focuses
on
self direction
and
self management
to
whatever
extent
is possible
in
promoting
the
clients health
and
well-being.
•
It
is
the
active
part
of the
relationship.
•
During
this
phase,
caring
is
communicated,
thoughts and
feelings
are
expressed,
mutual
respect is
maintained,
and
honest
verbal
and
nonverbal expression
occurs.
•
Key
communication goals
are
to
assist
the
client
to
clarify
feelings
and
concerns
EXPLOITATION
PHASE
•
Use of
professional
assistance
for
problem
solving
alternatives.
•
Individual
feels
as an
integral
part
of the
helping
environment.
•
The principles
of
interview
techniques
must
be
used in
order
to
explore,
understand
and
adequately,
deal
with the
underlying
problem.
•
Patient may
fluctuate
on
independence.
•
Nurse
aids
the
patient
in
exploiting
all
avenues
of
help and
progress
made
towards
the
final
step.
Termination
phase
•
In
the
termination
phase,
the
nurse
and
client
evaluate
the
client’s
responses
to
treatment,
and
explore
the meaning of the
relationship
and
what
goals
have
been
achieved. Nurses
need
to
be
sufficiently
aware
of
their own
feelings
so
that
they
may
use
them
constructively
without
imposing
them on the
client.
•
Patient
drifts
away
and
breaks
bond
with
nurse
and healthier
emotional
balance is
demonstrated
and both
become
mature
individuals.
Termination
phase
(cont.)
•
Th
e
t
e
r
min
a
t
ion
phas
e
is
the
c
onclusi
o
n
of
the
relationship, whether
at
the
end
of
the
nu
r
se
’
s
s
h
ift
or
t
h
e
cli
e
n
t
’
s
on
the
unit
,
f
acili
t
y
or
discha
r
g
e
f
r
om
service.
If
communication
ha
s
b
e
en
effective,
the
termination
phase
prepares
the
n
u
r
s
e
and
cl
i
e
n
t
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
interactions
Interpersonal
theory
and
nursing
process
•
Both
are
sequential and
focus
on
therapeutic
relationship.
•
Both
use
problem
solving techniques
for
the
nurse
and
patient
to
collaborate
on,
with the end
purpose
of
meeting
the
patient
needs.
Communication is a vital element in human interaction, encompassing various levels such as intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, and public speaking. It involves sending and receiving messages to meet diverse needs and desires. Understanding different forms of communication, from internal dialogue to face-to-face conversations, enhances relationships and fosters effective information exchange.
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Presentation Transcript
Communication and interpersonal relationships
INTRODUCTION Communication is a dynamic, reciprocal process of sending and receiving messages. Communication is more than the act of talking and listening. From the first cry of a newborn to the whisper of a person who is dying, the primary purpose of a information and obtain a response. People use communication to meet their physical, psychosocial, emotional and spiritual needs communication is to share
DEFINITION Communication is any act by which one person gives to or receives from person information about that person s needs desires, perception, knowledge Communication may unintentional, may involve unconventional signals, may take linguistic or non-linguistic forms and may occur through spoken or other modes. or affective be intentional conventional or states . or
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION GROUP COMMUNICATION PUBLIC SPEAKING
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION It is conscious internal dialogue, sometimes known as self-talk. It is language use or thought internal to the communicator. The individual becomes his or her own sender and receiver, providing feedback to him or herself in an ongoing internal process. It can be useful to communication occurring individual in a model which contains a sender, receiver and feedback loop. envision intrapersonal in the mind of the
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION It is communication between two or more people. Face to Face conversation between two people is the most frequent form of interpersonalcommunication. Nurses use interpersonal communication to gather information during assessment, to teach about health issues to explain care and to provide comfort and support.
GROUPCOMMUNICATION It is interaction that occurs among several people. Small group communication occurs when you engage in an exchange of ideas with two or more individuals at the same time.
PUBLICSPEAKING It is a unique form of group communication. Generally hundreds of people, and varying degrees of interaction occur. Speaker may deliver a speech talk directly with a group of audience members or have open discussion with the group. It is at the heart of our economy,society and politics. Nurses often engage in public speaking to educate groups of people about health issues the speakeraddresses a dozen to
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS Communication requires a sender, a message, a receiver and a response or feedback. Communication is a two-way process involving the sending and the receiving of a message. Because the intent of communication is to elicit a response the process of ongoing; the receiver of the message then becomes the sender of a response, and the original sender then becomes the receiver.
CommunicationProcess Message Source (sender) Channel Receiver Feedback(response)
The Communication Process Message Barrier SENDER (encodes) RECEIVER (decodes) Barrier Feedback/Response
Modes Modes of of communication communication Verbal communication Nonverbal communication
Characteristics of verbal and nonverbal modes of communication VERBAL Pace and intonation Simplicity Clarity and brevity Timing and relevance Adaptability Credibility Humor NONVERBAL Facialexpression Posture and Gait Personal Appearance Gestures Touch
Characteristics of effective communicator An effective nonverbal communicator: Relaxes Opens up Leans toward the other person Establishes eye contact Shows appropriate facial expressions An effective verbal communicator: Clarifies Listens Encourages empathically Recognizes Restates/repeats
What are the most common ways we communicate? Written Word
Factors influencing the communication process Development, Gender Values And Perceptions Personal Space Territoriality Roles And Relationships, Time Environment Congruence Interpersonalattitudes.
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION Therapeutic nurses use their communication in such a way that it will be benefit to their patient. communication means that Therapeutic normal communication in that it introduces an element of empathy into what can be traumatic experience for the patient and also the patient are made to feel validated. communication differs from
Importance of therapeutic communication It impels a feeling of comfort in the face of patient. To increase psychological distress information to determine the illness, assessing and modifying the behaviour and providing health information. self-worth or decrease collecting by
Therapeutic communication techniques Using silence Being specific and tentative Using open-ended questions Using touch Restating or paraphrasing Seeking clarification Perception checking or seeking consensual validation Offering self Acknowledging Giving information Clarifying time or sequence Presenting reality Focusing Reflecting Summarizing and planning
Barriers to communication Stereotyping Agreeing and disagreeing Being defensive Challenging Probing Testing Rejecting Changing topics and subjects Unwanted reassuarence Passing judgement Giving common advice
Five ways to facilitate therapeutic communication Maintain patient centered teaching Suppress prejudices Create a therapeutic environment Be alert to non verbal clues Establish a trusting relationship
Interpersonal relationship An interpersonal relationship is a strong deep or close association / acquaintance between two or more people that may range in duration from brief to enduring. The nurse is an important of the health care team that must work in co-operation and harmony for the care of the patient. This co-operation and harmony depends upon the IPR that is maintained among the members of the health care team.
Theoretical assertion The purpose of nursing achieved though the establishment of a human to human relationship. The human condition is shared by all human being. Most people at one time or another and in varying degrees will experience joy,contentment, happiness and love. All persons, at sometime in their lives will be confronted by illness and pain. The quality and quantity of nursing care delivered to an ill human being is greatly influenced by nurse s perception of the client. The term patient and nurses are stereotyped and only useful for communicate economy.
Theoretical assertion (cont.) The roles of the nurse and patients must be establish a human to human relatedness. Illness and suffering are spiritual encounters as well as emotional physical experience. Communication process enables the nurses to establish a human to human relationship and thereby fulfil the purpose of the nursing profession. Individual can be assisted top find meaning in the experience of illness and suffering then individual can cope with the problem exchanged by these experience. transcended to
Theoretical assertion (cont.) The spiritual and ethical values of the nurse, about illness suffering will determine the excellent top which she will be able to assist individuals and families to find meaning these difficult experiences. It is the responsibility of the professional nurse practitioner to assist individuals and families to find meaning in illness and suffering.
Principles of IPR Learn everyone s, name and never address anyone by nick name. Respect every one s individually. Each member of a team is as important as other.( Keep up the status of every member) Do not force anything on anybody. Keep emotions under control. Do not give and take personal favour. Don t be afraid to admit ignorance
Principles of IPR (cont.) The team leader should not make any excuse regarding his or her responsibility. Develop the habits attention on the problem. Do not do or say anything others faith. Give importance to others and practice justice of listening and focus that will disturb
Characteristics of IPR Helping relationship is a therapeutic relationship in nursing which promoting a psychological climate that brings a positive change in the client and promote his group. Facilitative characteristics Action oriented
Facilitative characteristics Trust It may be defined as the belief that other will provide in terms of need and distress trust fosters open therapeutic communication to foster the nurse sact consistently, reliably and competently. Empathy It s the ability to understand and enter the client s frame of reference. comprehensive and sharing the client s frame of reference beginning with the problem that the client recognises in other words. It is a phase of sensitive and objective look at experiences. Empathy is sensing, what another person
Facilitative characteristics (cont.) Caring It is having a positive regard for another person. It is basic in helping relationship. Nurses can show caring by expediting clients as who they are and respecting them as individuals. It promotes trust and decrease anxiety and distress. Autonomy and mutuality It is the ability to the self director. Mutuality involves sharing with important in any helping relationship. another. These are
Facilitative characteristics (cont.) Genuiness It is considered to be most basic of helping conditions. The helper needs you be aware of his own feelings. He should be comfortable with who he is so that he does not lookout his own feelings from himself. Non possessive warmth It simply means unconditional positive regard, respect for others and praising the other
Interpersonal communication It occurs between two or more person with a goal to exchange messages. Most of the nurse s day is spent communicating with the patient, family members and member of health care team. The nurses ability to communicate effectively at this level influences the nurses interpersonal sharing, problem solving, goal attainment, team building and effectiveness in critical nursing roles. (E.g.:- care giver, teacher, counsellor, leader, manager, and patient advocate)
Mid-range theory of IPR Hildegard Peplau s (1952:1997) mid-range theory of interpersonal relationships is considered an essential theory frame work for the study of interpersonal relationships. The model describes how the nurse-client relationship can identification and accomplishments of therapeutic goals top enhance client and family well-being. facilitate the In today s health care environment nurse-client relationships are of short duration concise and effective. Despite the brevity of the relationship, Peplau s basic principles partnership and terminating a relationship remain relevant. Peplau s frame work for interpersonal relationships is applicable to all areas of nursing.
Major concepts the theory explains the purpose of nursing to help others identify their felt difficulties. nurses should apply principles of human relations to the problems that arise at all levels of experience. Peplau s theory explains the phases of interpersonal process, roles in nursing studying nursing as an interpersonalprocess. Nursing is an interpersonal process because it involves interaction between two or more individuals with a common goal. The attainment of goal is achieved through the use of a series of steps following a series of pattern. The nurse and patient work together so both become mature and knowledgeable in theprocess. situations and methods of
Definitions Person-A developing organism that tries to reduce anxiety caused by needs. Environment- Existing forces outside the organism and in the context of culture. Health-A word symbol that implies forward movement of personality and other ongoing human process in the direction of creative, constructive, productive, personal and community living. Nursing-A significant therapeutic interpersonal process. It functions cooperatively with other human process that makes health possible for individuals in communities
Peplaus six nursing roles Stranger: Receives the client the same way one meets a stranger in other life situations, provides an accepting climate that buildstrust. Resource role: Answers questions, interprets clinical treatment data, and givesinformation. Teaching role: Gives instructions and provides training, involves analysis and synthesis of the learnerexperience. Counselling role: Helps client understand and integrate the meaning of current life circumstances provide guidance and encouragementto makechanges. Surrogate role: Helps dependence, interdependence and independence and acts on client s behalf as anadvocate. Leadership role: Helps responsibility for meeting treatment goals in a mutually satisfying way. client clarify domains of client assume maximum
ADDITIONAL ROLES INCLUDE Technicalexpert Consultant Health teacher Tutor Socializing agent Safetyagent Manager of environment Mediator Administrator Recorder observer Researcher
Phases of interpersonal relationship The nurse-client relation is therapeutic not social in nature. It is always client centred and goal directed. It is objective rather than subjective. The intent of a professional relationship is for client behaviour to change. It is a limited relationship, with the goal of helping the client find more satisfying behaviour patterns increase self worth. It is not for mutual satisfaction. and coping strategies and
Phases of interpersonal relationship (cont.) Peplau s developmental stages parallel to the nursingprocess. The orientation phase assessment phase of the nursingprocess. The identification component of the working phase corresponds to the planning phase, where as the exploitation implementation phase. The final resolution phase of the relationship corresponds to the evaluation phase of the nursing process. correlates with the phase parallels the
Pre interaction phase The pre interaction phase is the only one in which the client does not directly participate. Awareness of professional goal is important. The preinteraction phase occurs before you meet the client. In this phase you will gather information about the client. In this phase, the nurse and client do not have direct communication. First phase in Peplau s theory is orientation phase.
Orientation phase The nurse enters the relationship in the Stranger role and begins the process of developing trust by providing the client with basic information about the nurse and essential information about the purpose, nature, and time available for the relationship. It is also referred to as the introductory or the prehelping phase is important because it sets the tone for the rest of the relationship.
Orientation phase (cont.) It begins when you meet the client. The goal in this phase is and trust. This phase followed by an initial exchange of information. During this phase communication occurs. to establish rapport begins with introductions, verbal and nonverbal
Working phase / identification phase It is the planning phase. The conversation in the working phase turns active problem solving related to assess health care needs. Clients are able to discuss deeper, more difficult issues and experiment with new role and actions.
Working phase/ identification phase (cont.) Working phase focuses on self direction and self management to whatever extent is possible in promoting the clients health and well-being. It is the active part of the relationship. During this phase, caring is communicated, feelings are expressed, mutual honest verbal and nonverbal expression occurs. Key communication goals are to assist the client feelings and concerns thoughts and respect is maintained, and to clarify
EXPLOITATIONPHASE Use of professional assistance for problem solving alternatives. Individual feels as an integral part of the helping environment. The principles of interview techniques must be used in order to explore, understand and adequately, deal with the underlying problem. Patient may fluctuate on independence. Nurse aids the patient in exploiting all avenues of help and progress made towards the final step.
Termination phase In the termination phase, the nurse and client evaluate the client s responses to treatment, and explore the meaning of the relationship and what goals have been achieved. Nurses need to be sufficiently aware of their own feelings so that they may use them constructively without imposing them on the client. Patient drifts away and breaks bond with nurse and healthier emotional balance is demonstrated and both become mature individuals.
Termination phase (cont.) The termination phase is the conclusion of the relationship, whether at the end of the nurse s shift or the unit, facility or discharge from service. If communication has been effective, the termination phase prepares the nurse and interactions on the client s client for future
Interpersonal theory and nursing process Both are sequential and focus on therapeutic relationship. Both use problem solving techniques for the nurse and patient to collaborate on, with the end purpose of meeting the patient needs.
ASSESSMENT Data (Continuous). May not be a felt need. ORIENTATION Non collection Felt need. Define needs IDENTIFICATION Interdependent goal setting collection and analysis continuous data NURSING DIAGNONSIS PLANNING Mutually set goals IMPLEMENTATION Plans mutually set goals May be accomplished by patient nurse or family. EXPLOITATION Patient and drawing help Patient initiated initiated towards achievement of actively seeking EVALUATION Based on mutually expectedbehaviour May led to termination and initiation RESOLUTION Occurs after other phases are completed successfully. Leads to termination.
