Characteristics of Instruments in Food Technology
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Characteristics of
Instruments
Kanchan
Deptt of Food Technology
CBL Polytechnic, Bhiwani
Characteristics
of
Instruments
There
are
T
wo
types
of
characteristics of
instruments:-
1.Static characteristics
of
instruments
2.Dynamic Characteristics
of
instruments.
1.Static
Characteristics
The
static
characteristics
o
f
an
instr
u
m
e
nt
are
re
q
ui
r
ed
t
o
be
considered
for
the instruments which
measure unvarying process
conditions.
The
static characteristics
are
defined
for the instruments which measure
quantities
which
do not vary
with
time.
are
:-
1.
Accuracy
2.
Sensitivity
3.
Reproducibility
4.
Drift
5.
Static
error
6.
Dead
zone
7.
Precision
8.
Threshold
9.
Linearity
10.
Stability
11.
Range or
Span
12.
Bais
13.
Tolerance
14.
Hysteresis
1.
Accuracy
It is
the degree of closeness with which an
instrument reading approaches the true value of
the quantity being measured.
The
accuracy of a measurement indicates the
nearness
to
the actual/true value of the
quantity.
2.Sensitivity
Sensitivity
is
the
ratio
of change
in
output
of
an instrument
to
the change
in
input.
T
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
e
s
s
p
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c
i
f
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i
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a
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i
o
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a
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i
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d
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a
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r
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d
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
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o
t
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e
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
.
T
h
i
s
r
a
t
i
o
i
s
c
a
l
l
e
d
a
s
I
n
v
e
r
s
e
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
r
d
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
.
Sensitivity
Meter:-
3.Reproducibility
Reproducibility is
defined
as
the degree of
closeness by which a given value can be
repeatedly
measured.
The
reproducibility
is
specified for a period of
time.
Perfect
reproducibility
signifies that the given
readings that are taken for an input, do
not
vary
with
time..
4.Drift
The drift
is
defined as the gradual shift
in
the
indication over a period of time where
in
the
input variable does not
change.
Drift may be caused because of environment
factors
like
stray electric
fields, stray
magnetic
fields, thermal
e.m.fs,
changes
in
temperature,
mechanical vibrations
etc.
Drift
is
classified into three
categories:
1.
Zero
drift
2.
Span drift or sensitivity
drift
3.
Zonal
drift
5. Static
error
It is
the deviation from the true value of the
measured
variable.
It
involves the comparison of an unknown
quantity with an accepted standard
quantity.
The degree to which an instrument approaches
to
its excepted value
is
expressed
terms
of error
of measurement.
6.Dead
zone
It is
the largest changes of input quantity for
which there
is
no
output.
For
e.g. the input that
is
applied
to
an
instrument may
not
be
sufficient to
overcome
friction.
It
will only respond
when
it
overcomes
the friction
forces.
7.Precis
i
on
It is
a measure of the reproducibility of
the
measurement that
is
given a fixed value of
variable.
Precision
is
a measure of the degree to which
successive measurements
differ
from each
other.
For example consider an instrument on
which
readings can be taken upto 1∕100
th
of
unit.
T
h
e
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
h
a
s
z
e
r
o
a
d
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
e
r
r
o
r
.
S
o
,
w
h
e
n
w
e
t
a
k
e
a
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
s
,
t
h
e
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
i
s
h
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
e
c
i
s
e
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
a
s
t
h
e
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
h
a
s
a
z
e
r
o
a
d
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
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e
r
r
o
r
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h
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r
e
a
d
i
n
g
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
a
r
e
p
r
e
c
i
s
e
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
n
o
t
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
.
Thus, when a set of readings show
precision,
the results agree among themselves.
However,
it
is
not essential that the results are
accurate.
Precision Measuring
instruments
8.Threshsold
Threshold
i
s
the
smal
l
e
st
m
ea
s
ur
a
ble
input,
below which no output change can be
identified.
While
s
p
e
cifyi
n
g
thres
h
old,
man
u
fa
c
tures
gi
v
e
the
first
detectable output
change.
9.
Li
n
ea
rity
Linearity
is
defined as
the
ability
of an
instrument
to
reproduce its input
linearly.
Linearity
is
simply
a measure of the maximum
deviation of the calibration points from the ideal
straight
line.
Linearity
is
defined as,
linearity=Maximum deviation of
o/p
from
idealized straight line ∕ Actual
readings
10.Stability
T
h
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
a
n
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
t
o
r
e
t
a
i
n
i
t
s
p
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r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
t
h
r
o
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g
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o
u
t
i
t
s
s
p
e
c
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f
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e
d
s
t
o
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g
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i
f
e
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
i
s
c
a
l
l
e
d
a
s
S
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
Stability measurement
instruments:-
11.Range
or
Span
T
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
a
n
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
a
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
f
o
r
w
h
i
c
h
a
n
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
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s
d
e
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d
t
o
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a
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s
c
a
l
l
e
d
i
t
s
r
a
n
g
e
o
r
s
p
a
n
.
S
o
m
e
t
i
m
e
s
t
h
e
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
i
s
s
p
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c
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f
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e
d
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
r
a
n
g
e
o
r
s
p
a
n
o
f
a
n
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
.
12.Bais
The
constant error
which
exists over the full
range
of
measurement of an instrument
is called
bias. Such a bais can be completely eliminated
by calibration.
The
zero error
is
an example of
bais which can be removed by
calibration.
13.
T
olerance
I
t
i
s
the
m
a
xi
m
u
m
all
o
wable
s
p
e
cified
i
n
te
r
ms
of
cer
t
ain
error
th
a
t
is
value
w
h
ile
measurement,
it is
called as
tolerance.
It
specifies the maximum allowable deviation of
a manufactured device from a mentioned
value.
14.Hysteresis
Hysteresis is
a phenomenon which depicts
different
output
effects while
loading and
unloading.
Hysteresis
takes place due
to
the fact that all
the energy put into the stressed
parts
when
loading
is
not recoverable while
unloading.
When the input of
an
instrument
is varied
from
zero
to
its full scale and then
if
the input
is
decreased from its full scale value to zero, the
output varies.
The
output at the particular input
while increasing and decreasing
varies
because
of internal
friction
or hysteric
damping.
2.Dynamic
Characteristics
Instruments
rarely
respond
to
the
instantaneous changes
in
the measured
variables.Their response
is slow
or sluggish due
to
mass, thermal capacitance, electrical
capacitance, inductance
etc.
sometimes, even
the instrument has
to
wait for
some time till,
the
response
occurs.
These type of instruments
are normally
used
for the measurement of quantities that fluctuate
with
time.
T
h
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
o
f
s
u
c
h
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
w
h
e
r
e
a
s
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
a
r
i
e
s
f
r
o
m
i
n
s
t
a
n
t
t
o
i
n
s
t
a
n
t
,
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
a
l
s
o
v
a
r
i
e
s
f
r
o
m
i
n
s
t
a
n
t
t
o
i
n
s
t
a
n
t
i
s
c
a
l
l
e
d
a
s
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
Hence, the
dynamic
behaviour of the system
is
also important as the static
behaviour.
The dynamic inputs are of two
types:
1.
Transient
2.
Steady state
periodic.
T
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
i
s
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
a
s
t
h
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t
p
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o
f
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p
o
n
s
e
w
h
i
c
h
g
o
e
s
t
o
z
e
r
o
a
s
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
l
a
r
g
e
.
T
h
e
s
t
e
a
d
y
s
t
a
t
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
i
s
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h
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s
p
o
n
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e
t
h
a
t
h
a
s
a
d
e
f
i
n
i
t
e
p
e
r
i
o
d
i
c
c
y
c
l
e
.
The variations
in
the input, that are used
practically
to
achieve dynamic
behaviour
are:
I.
S
t
e
p
i
n
p
u
t
:
-
T
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
i
s
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
a
f
i
n
i
t
e
a
n
d
i
n
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
c
h
a
n
g
e
.
E
.
g
.
:
c
l
o
s
i
n
g
o
f
s
w
i
t
c
h
.
II.
R
a
m
p
i
n
p
u
t
:
-
T
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
l
i
n
e
a
r
l
y
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
t
o
t
i
m
e
.
I
I
I
.
P
a
r
a
b
o
l
i
c
s
q
u
a
re
of
i
n
p
u
t
:
-
T
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
a
r
i
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
.
T
h
i
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
i
n
p
u
t
:
-
T
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
acceleration.
I
V
.
S
i
n
u
s
o
i
d
a
l
acc
o
rdan
c
e
with
a
si
n
usoidal
ch
a
nges
in
fun
c
tion
of
constant
amplitude.
The
dynamic characteristics of
a
measurement
system
are:
1)
Speed
of
response
2)
Fidelity
3)
Lag
4)
Dynamic
error
1)
Speed of
Response
in
s
tr
u
me
n
t
,
res
p
o
n
d
s
t
o
the
c
h
a
n
ges
in
I
t
i
s
def
i
ned
as
t
h
e
rapidity
with
which
an
t
h
e
measured
quantity.
It
shows how active and fast the system
is.
Speed measuring
instruments:-
2)
Fidelity
I
t
i
s
def
i
ned
a
s
the
de
g
ree
t
o
which
a
measurement
system is
capable of faithfully
reproducing the changes
in
input, without
any
dynamic
error.
3)Lag
Every system
requires
its
own
time
to
respond
to
the changes
in
input. This time
is
called as
lag.
I
t
i
s
d
e
fi
n
ed
as
the
retardation
or
d
e
la
y
,
i
n
the
response of a system
to
the changes
in
the
input.
The
lags are of two
types:
1.
R
e
t
a
r
d
a
t
i
o
n
l
a
g
:
As soon as there
is
a changes
in
the
measured
quantity,
the measurement system
begins
to
respond.
2.
T
i
m
e
d
e
l
a
y
:
The
response
of the measurement system
starts after a
dead
time,
once
the input
is
applied.They cause dynamic
error.
4)Dynamic
error
It is
the
difference
between the true value of
the quantity that is
to
be measured, changing
with time and the measured value,
if
no static
error
is
assumed.
Exploring the static and dynamic characteristics of instruments in the field of Food Technology is crucial for accurate measurements. Static characteristics include stability, range, accuracy, sensitivity, reproducibility, hysteresis, precision, and more. On the other hand, dynamic characteristics focus on the responsiveness and behavior of instruments over time. Learn about the importance of accuracy, sensitivity, and reproducibility in ensuring reliable measurements.
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Presentation Transcript
Characteristics of Instruments Kanchan Deptt of Food Technology CBL Polytechnic, Bhiwani
Characteristics of Instruments There characteristics of instruments:- are Two types of 1.Static characteristics of instruments 2.Dynamic Characteristics of instruments.
1.Static Characteristics The static characteristics instrument are considered for the instruments which measure unvarying conditions. The static characteristics are defined for the instruments which measure quantities which do not vary with time. of to an be required process
are :- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Stability 11. Range or Span 12. Bais 13. Tolerance 14. Hysteresis Accuracy Sensitivity Reproducibility Drift Static error Dead zone Precision Threshold Linearity
1. Accuracy It is the degree of closeness with which an instrument reading approaches the true value of the quantity being measured. The accuracy of a measurement indicates the nearness to the actual/true value of the quantity.
2.Sensitivity Sensitivity is the ratio of change in output of an instrument to the change in input. The manufactures specify sensitivity as the ratio of magnitude of the measured quantity to the magnitude of the response.This ratio is called as Inverse sensitivity or deflection factor.
3.Reproducibility Reproducibility is defined as the degree of closeness by which a given value can be repeatedly measured. The reproducibility is specified for a period of time. Perfect reproducibility signifies that the given readings that are taken for an input, do not vary with time..
4.Drift The drift is defined as the gradual shift in the indication over a period of time where in the input variable does not change. Drift may be caused because of environment factors like stray electric fields, stray magnetic fields, thermal e.m.fs, changes in temperature, mechanical vibrations etc. Drift is classified into three categories: 1. Zero drift 2. Span drift or sensitivity drift 3. Zonal drift
5. Static error It is the deviation from the true value of the measured variable. It involves the comparison of an unknown quantity with an accepted standard quantity. The degree to which an instrument approaches to its excepted value is expressed terms of error of measurement.
6.Dead zone It is the largest changes of input quantity for which there is no output. For e.g. the input that is applied to an instrument may not be sufficient to overcome friction. It will only respond when it overcomes the friction forces.
7.Precision It is a measure of the reproducibility of the measurement that is given a fixed value of variable. Precision is a measure of the degree to which successive measurements other. For example consider an instrument on which readings can be taken upto 1 100thofunit. The instrument has zero adjustment error. So, when we take a readings, the instrument is highly precise. However as the instrument has a zero adjustment error the readings obtained are precise, but they are not accurate. Thus, when a set of readings show precision, the results agree among themselves. However, it is not essential that the results are accurate. differ from each
8.Threshsold Threshold is the smallest measurable input, below which no output change can be identified. While specifying threshold, manufactures give the first detectable output change.
9.Linearity defined Linearity instrument to reproduce its input linearly. Linearity is simply a measure of the maximum deviation of the calibration points from the ideal straight line. Linearity is defined as, linearity=Maximum deviation of o/p from idealized straight line Actual readings is as the ability of an
10.Stability The ability of an instrument to retain its performance throughout its specified storage life and operating life is called as Stability. Stability measurement instruments:-
11.Range or Span The minimum and maximum values of a quantity for which an instrument is designed to measure is called its range or span. Sometimes the accuracy is specified interms of range or span of an instrument.
12.Bais The constant error which exists over the full range of measurement of an instrument is called bias. Such a bais can be completely eliminated by calibration. The zero error is an example of bais which can be removed by calibration.
13.Tolerance It is the maximum allowable specified in terms measurement, it is called as tolerance. It specifies the maximum allowable deviation of a manufactured device from a mentioned value. error that is value while of certain
14.Hysteresis Hysteresis is a phenomenon which depicts different output effects unloading. Hysteresis takes place due to the fact that all the energy put into the stressed parts when loading is not recoverable while unloading. When the input of an instrument is varied from zero to its full scale and then if the input is decreased from its full scale value to zero, the output varies. The output at the particular input while increasing and decreasing varies because of internal friction or hysteric damping. while loading and
2.Dynamic Characteristics Instruments rarely instantaneous changes variables.Their response is slow or sluggish due to mass, thermal capacitance, inductance etc. sometimes, even the instrument has to wait for some time till, the response occurs. These type of instruments are normally used for the measurement of quantities that fluctuate with time. The behaviour of such a system, where as the input varies from instant to instant, the output also varies from instant to instant is called as dynamic response of the system. Hence, the dynamic behaviour of the system is also important as the static behaviour respond in to measured the the capacitance, electrical
The dynamic inputs are of two types: Transient 2. Steady state periodic. Transient response is defined as that part of the response which goes to zero as the time becomes large. The steady state response is the response that has a definite periodic cycle. 1.
The variations in the input, that are used practically to achieve dynamic behaviour are: Step input:-The input is subjected to a finite and instantaneous change. E.g.: closing of switch. Ramp input:- The input linearly changes with respect to time. III. Parabolic square of time. This represents constant acceleration. IV. Sinusoidal accordance with a sinusoidal constant amplitude. I. II. input:- The input varies to the input:- The input changes in function of
The dynamic characteristics of a measurement system are: 1) Speed of response 2) Fidelity 3) Lag 4) Dynamic error
1) Speed of Response It is defined as the rapidity with which an the instrument, responds to the changes in measured quantity. It shows how active and fast the system is. Speed measuring instruments:-
2) Fidelity It is defined as the degree to which a measurement system is capable of faithfully reproducing the changes in input, without any dynamic error.
3)Lag Every system requires its own time to respond to the changes in input. This time is called as lag. It is defined as the retardation or delay, in the response of a system to the changes in the input. The lags are of two types: 1. Retardation lag: As soon as there is a changes in the measured quantity, the measurement system begins to respond. 2. Time delay: The response of the measurement system starts after a dead time, once the input is applied.They cause dynamic error.
4)Dynamic error It is the difference between the true value of the quantity that is to be measured, changing with time and the measured value, if no static error is assumed.
