Business Statistics: Introduction, Origin, and Meaning
B
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C
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C
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•
P
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B
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,
•
D
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A
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A
P
A
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D
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•
A
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P
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•
D
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•
H
C
P
G
C
O
L
L
E
G
E
V
A
R
A
N
A
S
I
1
Introduction
S
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2
•
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o
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,
c
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a
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s
i
f
i
c
a
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i
o
n
,
s
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m
m
a
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e
o
f
s
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c
h
d
a
t
a
.
•
The
discipline
is
useful
in
converting
random
data
to
understandable
information
and
aids
in
strategic
business
decision
making.
S
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i
k
a
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o
f
w
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a
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“
P
o
l
i
t
i
c
a
l
S
t
a
t
e
”
.
I
n
a
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c
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s
t
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b
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o
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t
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r
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q
u
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e
m
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n
t
s
o
f
S
t
a
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e
p
r
i
m
a
r
i
l
y
a
n
d
h
e
n
c
e
t
h
e
n
a
m
e
.
T
h
e
t
e
r
m
S
t
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s
i
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e
n
e
r
a
l
l
y
u
s
e
d
i
n
2
s
e
n
s
e
s
-
1.
Plural
Sense
2.
Singular
Sense
Introduction
Origin
Meaning
Meaning-
Plural
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
Plural
sense
Features
in
Plural
Sense
Definitions
for
Plural
sense
Under
this,
the Statistics
refers
to
numerical
statement
of
facts
related
to
any
field
of
enquiry
such
as
data
related
to
income,
expenditure,
population
etc
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
n
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
d
a
t
a
o
r
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
d
a
t
a
.
D
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
s
-
“
S
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t
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c
s
a
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e
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m
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a
l
s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
f
a
c
t
s
i
n
a
n
y
d
e
p
a
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t
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
n
q
u
i
r
y
p
l
a
c
e
d
i
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
e
a
c
h
o
t
h
e
r
”
-
B
o
w
l
e
y
“By
statistics
we
mean
quantitative
data
affected
to
a
marked
extent
by
multiplicity
of
cause”-
Yule
and
Kendall
1
.
A
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
a
c
t
s
-
A
s
i
n
g
l
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
constitute
Statistics
as
no
conclusion
can
be
drawn
from
it.
Only
the
aggregate
of
facts
capable
of
offering
meaningful
information
constitute
Statistics.
2
.
N
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
l
y
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
-
Statistics
are
expressed
in
numbers.
Qualitative
data
like
rich,
poor,
beautiful,
big
etc
cannot
be
termed
Statistics.
Contd….
Meaning-
Plural
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
Features
in
Plural
sense
3.
A
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
b
y
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
c
a
u
s
e
s
-
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
i
s
n
o
t
i
m
p
a
c
t
e
d
b
y
o
n
l
y
1
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
s
m
u
l
t
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
i
t
.
F
o
r
e
.
g
r
i
s
e
i
n
p
r
i
c
e
s
c
a
n
b
e
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
d
e
m
a
n
d
,
r
i
s
e
i
n
i
n
p
u
t
c
o
s
t
s
e
t
c
.
4.
R
e
a
s
o
n
a
b
l
e
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
-
A
r
e
a
s
o
n
a
b
l
e
d
e
g
r
e
e
o
f
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
w
h
i
l
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
d
a
t
a
.
5.
P
l
a
c
e
d
i
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
o
t
h
e
r
s
-
S
u
c
h
d
a
t
a
i
s
c
a
l
l
e
d
Statistics
which
is
mutually
related
and
comparable.
Height
of
40
people
cannot
be
compared
with
age
of
40
people as
data
is
not
related.
6.
P
r
e
-
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
-
D
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
a
n
y
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
r
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
w
i
l
l
o
n
l
y
b
e
a
n
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
a
n
d
n
o
t
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
.
7.
E
n
u
m
e
r
a
t
e
d
o
r
E
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
d
-
D
a
t
a
c
a
n
e
i
t
h
e
r
b
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
d
b
y
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
(
i
f
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d
o
f
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
v
e
r
y
v
a
s
t
)
o
r
e
n
u
m
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
f
o
r
s
m
a
l
l
e
r
s
e
t
o
f
d
a
t
a
)
.
8
.
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
m
a
n
n
e
r
-
H
a
p
h
a
z
a
r
d
l
y
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
d
d
a
t
a
w
i
l
l
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
v
e
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
s
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
p
l
a
n
n
e
d
b
e
f
o
r
e
h
a
n
d
.
4
Meaning-
Singular
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
5
Features
in
Singular
sense
Singular
sense
Definitions
Under
this,
Statistics
refers
to
science
in
which
we
deal
with
techniques
and
methods
for
collecting,
classifying,
presenting,
analyzing and
interpreting
the
data
i
n
t
h
e
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
o
f
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
.
D
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
s
-
“
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
m
a
y
b
e
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
n
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
d
a
t
a
.
”
-
C
r
o
x
t
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
w
d
e
n
“Statistics
is
the
science
which
deals
with
the
collection,
classification
and
tabulation
of
numerical
facts
as
a
basis
for
the
explanation,
description
and
comparison
of
phenomena-
Lovitt
Given
the
definitions,
the
following
stages
of
Statistics
emerge-
1.
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
a
t
a
-
D
e
c
i
d
e
h
o
w
,
w
h
e
r
e
,
w
h
e
n
,
w
h
a
t
k
i
n
d
o
f
d
a
t
a
t
o
b
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
d
.
2.
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
a
t
a
-
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
t
h
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
d
d
a
t
a
t
o
m
a
k
e
i
t
comparable
and
simple.
3.
P
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
a
t
a
-
M
a
k
e
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
,
b
r
i
e
f
a
n
d
a
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
.
4.
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
d
a
t
a
-
T
o
d
r
a
w
c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
d
a
t
a
i
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
b
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
e
.
g
.
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
t
e
n
d
e
n
c
y
,
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
5.
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
a
t
a
-
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
s
i
n
s
i
m
p
l
e
a
n
d
easy
language.
S
c
o
p
e
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
6
The
scope
of
Statistics
may
be
classified
into
following
3
parts-
Nature
The
study
of
nature
is
to
find
out
whether
Statistics
is
Science
or
Art
As a
science-
It
studies
the
Statistical
data
As a
Art-
It
makes
use
of
data
to
solve
problems
of
real
life.
Subject
Matter
The
subject
matter of
statistics
is
divided
into
2
parts-
1.
D
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
v
e
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
-
I
t
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
s
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
t
o
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
d
a
t
a
.
T
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
c
a
n
e
i
t
h
e
r
b
e
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
l
o
r
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
.
2.
I
n
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
-
I
t
d
e
a
l
s
w
i
t
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
w
h
i
c
h
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
r
m
a
k
i
n
g
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
i
n
g
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
the
basis
of
sample
results.
Contd….
S
c
o
p
e
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
7
1.
S
t
u
d
y
o
f
N
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
f
a
c
t
s
-
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
c
a
n
o
n
l
y
s
t
u
d
y
s
u
c
h
f
a
c
t
s
w
h
i
c
h
c
a
n
b
e
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
i
n
n
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
t
e
r
m
s
.
2.
S
t
u
d
y
o
f
A
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
s
o
n
l
y
-
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
a
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
s
a
n
d
n
o
t
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
u
n
i
t
.
N
o
c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
i
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
f
r
o
m
s
i
n
g
l
e
p
i
e
c
e
o
f
d
a
t
a
.
3.
N
o
t
t
h
e
o
n
l
y
m
e
t
h
o
d
-
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
i
s
n
o
t
t
h
e
o
n
l
y
m
e
t
h
o
d
t
o
s
t
u
d
y
a
n
d
m
a
n
y
a
t
i
m
e
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
a
c
h
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
.
4.
H
o
m
o
g
e
n
e
i
t
y
o
f
d
a
t
a
-
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
d
a
t
a
h
a
s
t
o
b
e
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
a
n
d
homogeneous
otherwise
it
will not
be
possible
to
draw
conclusions.
5.
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
a
r
e
t
r
u
e
o
n
l
y
o
n
a
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
-
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
n
l
y
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
t
e
n
d
e
n
c
i
e
s
a
n
d
a
r
e
t
r
u
e
o
n
a
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
a
n
d
n
o
t
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
l
y
.
6.
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
m
a
y
p
r
o
v
e
w
r
o
n
g
-
C
i
r
c
u
m
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
u
n
d
e
r
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
m
a
d
e
h
a
v
e
t
o
b
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
o
t
h
e
r
w
i
s
e
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
m
a
y
g
i
v
e
w
r
o
n
g
i
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
.
7.
C
a
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
b
y
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
o
n
l
y
-
O
n
l
y
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
c
a
n
m
a
k
e
g
o
o
d
u
s
e
of
statistics
and
unqualified
would
find
it
difficult
to
apply
it.
8.
M
i
s
u
s
e
o
f
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
i
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
-
T
h
e
m
i
s
u
s
e
o
f
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
t
o
s
e
e
k
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
i
s
a
p
o
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
m
o
r
e
s
o
w
h
e
n
i
t
i
s
n
o
t
e
a
s
i
l
y
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
o
o
d
.
Limitati
ons
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
1.
E
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
f
a
c
t
s
i
n
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
-
O
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
i
s
t
o
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
i
n
e
a
s
i
l
y
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
a
b
l
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
w
i
t
h
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
.
2.
S
i
m
p
l
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
-
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
e
n
a
b
l
e
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
d
a
t
a
i
n
a
s
i
m
p
l
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
a
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
,
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
,
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
,
g
r
a
p
h
s
,
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
s
e
t
c
.
3.
E
n
l
a
r
g
e
s
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
-
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
e
x
p
a
n
d
s
t
h
e
h
o
r
i
z
o
n
s
o
f
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
.
4.
I
t
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
s
f
a
c
t
s
-
I
t
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
o
f
d
a
t
a
a
n
d
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
l
a
r
g
e
s
e
t
s
o
f
d
a
t
a
f
o
r
d
r
a
w
i
n
g
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
i
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
.
5
.
F
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
s
p
o
l
i
c
y
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
-
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
a
t
a
,
p
r
e
c
i
s
e
By
doing
analysis
and
nature
of
problem
can
be
ascertained
thus
assisting
policy
formulation.
6.
I
t
h
e
l
p
s
o
t
h
e
r
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
s
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
r
l
a
w
s
-
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
h
e
l
p
s
o
t
h
e
r
l
a
w
s
f
o
r
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
r
a
s
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
s
.
E
.
g
.
M
a
n
y
l
a
w
s
o
f
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
n
a
m
e
l
y
l
a
w
o
f
d
e
m
a
n
d
,
l
a
w
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
K
e
y
n
e
s
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
e
m
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
c
a
n
b
e
v
e
r
i
f
i
e
d
b
y
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
.
7.
I
t
h
e
l
p
s
i
n
f
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
i
n
g
-
E
x
t
r
a
p
o
l
a
t
i
n
g
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
d
a
t
a
a
i
d
s
i
n
f
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
i
n
g
l
i
k
e
l
y
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
f
u
t
u
r
e
.
8
U
s
e
s
&
I
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
9
1.
I
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
f
o
r
a
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
o
r
s
-
A
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
o
r
s
u
s
e
d
a
t
a
f
o
r
v
a
r
i
e
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
a
n
d
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
t
o
o
l
s
f
o
r
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
.
2.
I
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
f
o
r
b
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
,
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
a
n
d
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
-
E
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
n
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
s
e
a
s
o
n
a
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
t
r
a
d
e
c
y
c
l
e
s
,
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
p
r
o
f
i
l
i
n
g
,
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
l
i
f
e
c
y
c
l
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
r
e
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
s
o
f
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
c
a
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
b
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
,
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
a
n
d
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
.
3.
I
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
i
n
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
-
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
i
s
b
a
s
i
s
o
f
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
a
s
i
t
h
e
l
p
s
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
s
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
s
.
A
l
m
o
s
t
a
l
l
t
h
e
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
a
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
s
a
r
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
h
e
l
p
o
f
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
.
4.
I
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
f
o
r
P
o
l
i
t
i
c
i
a
n
s
a
n
d
i
n
S
o
c
i
a
l
f
i
e
l
d
-
F
o
r
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
s
o
c
i
a
l
,
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
,
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s
,
p
o
l
i
t
i
c
i
a
n
s
d
r
a
w
g
r
e
a
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
d
i
s
c
i
p
l
i
n
e
.
Existing
social
problems
can
only
be
brought
to
fore
front
with
the
help
of
data
analysis.
The
effectiveness
of
existing
policies
for
social
change
can
be
measured
by
statistical
tools.
5.
I
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
f
o
r
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
n
s
u
r
a
n
c
e
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
-
B
a
n
k
e
r
s
u
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
f
o
r
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
n
g
c
r
e
d
i
t
g
r
o
w
t
h
,
r
i
s
k
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
,
p
o
r
t
f
o
l
i
o
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
i
n
s
u
r
e
r
s
f
o
r
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
p
r
e
m
i
u
m
s
looking
at
life
expectancies.
1
0
Business statistics is a vital discipline that involves the collection, classification, summarization, and interpretation of data for informed decision-making. Originating from ancient times with a focus on political states, statistics is essential in converting data into valuable information. It is characterized by numerical statements of facts, influenced by multiple causes, and requiring reasonable accuracy. Statistics can be analyzed both in a plural and singular sense, emphasizing the importance of systematic data collection and analysis techniques.
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1 Business Statistics B.Com 1stSemester BB.COM IST PRESENTED BY, DR VANDANA PANDEY ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE HCPG COLLEGE VARANASI
Statistics Introduction Statistics is generally used to mean quantitative aspects of data management but as a subject of study it refers to body of principles and procedures developed for collection, classification, summarization and meaningful interpretation and for the use of such data. Introduction The discipline is useful in converting random data to understandable information and aids in strategic business decision making. Statistics has its origin in Latin word Status, Italian word Statista and German term Statistik all of which mean PoliticalState . In ancient times the beginning of Statistics was made to meet the requirements of State primarily and hence the name. Origin The term Statistics is generally used in 2 senses- 1.Plural Sense Meaning 2. Singular Sense 2
Statistics Meaning-Plural Under this, the Statistics refers to numerical statement of facts related to any field of enquiry such as data related to income, expenditure, population etc in the sense of numerical data or Statistical data. Plural sense Definitions- Statistics are numerical statements of facts in any department of enquiry placed in relation to each other -Bowley Definitions for Plural sense By statistics we mean quantitative data affected to a marked extent by multiplicity of cause - Yule and Kendall 1. Aggregation of facts- A single number does not constitute Statistics as no conclusion can be drawn from it. Only the aggregate of facts capable of offering meaningful information constitute Statistics. 2. Numerically expressed- numbers. Qualitative data like rich, poor, beautiful, big etc cannot be termed Statistics. Features in Plural Sense Statistics are expressed in Contd .
Statistics Meaning-Plural 3. Affected by Multiple causes- Statistics is not impacted by only 1 factor as multitude of factors influence it. For e.g rise in prices can be attributed to reduction in supply, increase in demand, rise in input costs etc. 4. Reasonable Accuracy- A reasonable degree of accuracy must be maintaining while collecting the statistical data. 5. Placed in relation to others- Such data is called Statistics which is mutually related and comparable. Height of 40 people cannot be compared with age of 40 people as data is not related. 6. Pre-determined purpose- Data collected without any purpose or randomly will only be a numerical value and not Statistics. 7. Enumerated or Estimated- Data can either be collected by estimation (if the field of investigation is very vast) or enumeration (for smaller set of data). 8. Collected in systematic manner- Haphazardly collected data will not provide conclusive evidence so systematic collection should be planned beforehand. Features in Plural sense 4
Statistics Meaning-Singular Under this, Statistics refers to science in which we deal with techniques and methods for collecting, classifying, presenting, analyzing and interpreting the data in the meaning of Statistical methods. Singular sense Definitions- Statistics may be defined as the collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data. -Croxton and Cowden Definitions Statistics is the science which deals with the collection, classification and tabulation of numerical facts as a basis for the explanation, description and comparison of phenomena- Lovitt Given the definitions, the following stages of Statistics emerge- 1. Collection of data- Decide how, where, when, what kind of data to be collected. 2. Organization of data- Organize the collected data to make it comparable and simple. 3. Presentation of data- Make the data intelligible, brief and attractive. 4. Analysis of data- To draw conclusions, analysis of data is required by different methods e.g. central tendency, correlation. 5. Interpretation of data- Comparison and conclusions in simple and easy language. Features in Singular sense 5
Statistics Scope The scope of Statistics may be classified into following 3 parts- The study of nature is to find out whether Statistics is Science or Art As a science- It studies the Statistical data As a Art- It makes use of data to solve problems of real life. Nature The subject matter of statistics is divided into 2 parts- 1. Descriptive statistics- It describes the data and consists of methods and techniques to explain characteristics of data. The methods can either be graphical or computational. 2. Inferential Statistics- It deals with methods which describe the characteristics of population or making decisions concerning population on the basis of sample results. Subject Matter Contd . 6
Statistics Scope 1. Study of Numerical facts-Statistics can only study such facts which can be expressed in numerical terms. 2. Study of Aggregates only- Statistics studies only the aggregates and not particular unit. No conclusion is possible from single piece of data. 3. Not the only method- Statistics is not the only method to study and many a time does not suggest the best solution of each problem. 4. Homogeneity of data- Quantitative data has to be consistent and homogeneous otherwise it will not be possible to draw conclusions. 5. Results are true only on an average- Statistical results only express tendencies and are true on an average and not absolutely. 6. Without reference results may prove wrong- Circumstances and conditions under which conclusions are made have to be studied otherwise the results may give wrong impression. 7. Can be used by experts only- Only experts can make good use of statistics and unqualified would find it difficult to apply it. 8. Misuse of Statistics is possible- The misuse of Statistics to seek particular results is a possibility, more so when it is not easily understood. Limitati ons 7
Statistics Functions 1. Expression of facts in numbers-One of the main function of Statistics is to express numbers in easily understandable language and interpret the results with certainty. 2. Simple presentation- Statistics enables presentation of complex data in a simple format in terms of aggregate, average, percentage, graphs, diagrams etc. 3. Enlarges individual knowledge and experience- Statistics expands the horizons of individual knowledge and understanding. 4. It compares facts- It facilitates the comparison of data and identifying the interrelations between large sets of data for drawing suitable inferences. 5. Facilitates policy formulation- interpretation of data, precise ascertained thus assisting policy formulation. 6. It helps other science in testing their laws- Statistics helps other laws for establishing their assumptions. E.g. Many laws of economics namely law of demand, law of supply, Keynes theory of employment can be verified by Statistics. 7. It helps in forecasting- Extrapolating present data aids in forecasting likely changes that can be expected in future. By doing analysis and nature of problem can be 8
Statistics Uses & Importance 1. Importance for administrators- Administrators use data for varied purposes and Statistics provide useful tools for decision making support. 2. Importance for business, industry and agriculture- Estimating demand and supply, studying seasonal changes, understanding trade cycles, consumer profiling, product life cycle analysis are examples of some of the functions that Statistics can perform for business, industry and agriculture. 3. Importance in Economics- Statistics is basis of Economics as it helps establishing the assumptions. Almost all the economic aggregates are measured with the help of Statistics. 4. Importance for Politicians and in Social field- For formulating social, economic, educational, industrial and other policies, politicians draw great support from Statistics discipline. Existing social problems can only be brought to fore front with the help of data analysis. The effectiveness of existing policies for social change can be measured by statistical tools. 5. Importance for banking and insurance industry- Bankers use statistics for estimating credit growth, risk analysis, portfolio management and insurers for establishing appropriate premiums looking at life expectancies. 9
