Bird Classification and Evolution

Explore the fascinating world of birds, from the ancient Archaeopteryx to the diverse modern avian orders. Learn about the characteristics that define birds, the evolution of different subclasses, and the unique features of each superorder within the class Aves.

• Birds
• Evolution
• Archaeopteryx
• Avian Orders
• Avian Characteristics

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1. Class Aves Feathers No teeth Flexible long neck One occipital condyle Scales on legs Bones with air spaces Endothermic Four chambered heart 1

2. Bird Classification 28 orders 9600 species 2

3. 1) Subclass Archaeornithes - Old birds Ancestral birds; Extinct; (Jurassic Fossils) 2) Subclass Neornithes - New birds i) Superorder Odontognathae - Toothed birds; Extinct; (Cretaceous Fossils) ii) Superorder Paleognathae - "Ancient Jaw" Modern birds with a primitive palate 5 Orders iii) Superorder Neognathae - "New Jaw" Modern birds with a modern (flexible) palate 25 Orders

4. Subclass Archaeornithes Old birds Ancestral birds; Extinct; (Jurassic Fossils) Archaeopteryx

5. Archaeopteryx Oldest known fossils from late Jurassic period Bird Characteristics: feathers, hollow bones and furcula (wishbone that stabilized shoulder joint for flight) Dinosaur Characteristics: teeth, claws on forelimbs and long, bony tail

7. Superorder Paleognathae a) Reduced keel Order TINAMIFORMES Tinamous b) No keel & flightless (Ratites) Order STRUTHIONIFORMES Ostrich Order RHEIFORMES Rheas Order CASUARIIFORMES Emu & Cassowaries Order DINORNITHIFORMES extinct Order APTERYGIFORMES Kiwis

8. Order Struthioniformes Large flightless bird Two toes 8

10. iii) Superorder Neognathae - "New Jaw GALLIFORMES Gallinaceous birds 290 species ANSERIFORMES Waterfowl & Screamers 162 species SPHENISCIFORMES Penguins 17 species GAVIIFORMES Loons 5 species PROCELLARIIFORMES Tubenoses 112 species PODICIPEDIFORMES Grebes 22 species PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Flamingoes 5 species CICONIIFORMES Storks, Herons, Ibises 116 species PELECANIFORMES Full-webbed Swimmers 65 species FALCONIFORMES Diurnal birds of prey 304 species GRUIFORMES Cranes, rails, & allies 212 species CHARADRIIFORMES Shorebirds, gulls, & allies 367 species

11. COLUMBIFORMES Pigeons & doves 308 species PSITTACIFORMES Parrots 364 species OPISTHOCOMIFORMES Hoatzin 1 species MUSOPHAGIFORMES Turacos 23 species CUCULIFORMES Cuckoos 138 species STRIGIFORMES Owls 180 species CAPRIMULGIFORMES Nightjars & allies 118 species APODIFORMES Swifts & hummingbirds 429 species COLIIFORMES Mousebirds 6 species TROGONIFORMES Trogons 39 species CORACIIFORMES Kingfishers, & allies 209 species PICIFORMES Woodpeckers, & allies 398 species PASSERIFORMES Perching birds 5753 species

12. ORDER SPHENISCIFORMES Heavy body Flightless Flipperlike wings for swimming Well-insulated with fat Example: penguins

14. Order Pelecaniformes Gular sac 14

15. Order Ciconiiformes Long legs for wading Long necks 15

16. Order Anseriformes Flat bill Webbed feet 16

17. Order Falconiformes Hooked bill Talons Eagle Hawk Falcon 17

18. Order Passeriformes Perching foot Songbirds 5000 species Mocking bird Thrushes Swallows Magpie Crow Starling Jays 18

19. Order Columbiformes Short neck Short legs Pigeons Doves 19

20. Order Strigiformes Large eyes Silent flight Nocturnal predator Owls 20

21. Order Apodiformes Small bird Rapid wingbeat Hummingbirds 21

22. Order Galliformes Chicken like Strong beaks Heavy feet Chicken Turkey Pheasants Quail 22

23. Order Charadriiformes Short bill Strong fliers Shorebirds Gulls 23

24. Order Psittaciformes Thick tongue Hinged and movable upper beak Bright colors Parrots Parakeets 24

25. Adaptations for Flight Honey combed bones Air cavities Less weight Copy me 25

26. Adaptations for Flight Enlarged sternum Flight muscle attachment Long neck balance Copy me 26

27. Adaptations for Flight Wing lift Copy me 27

28. Adaptations for Flight Feathers Light weight Strong Copy me 28

29. 29

30. Adaptations for Flight Reduce body weight No teeth No urinary bladder 30

31. Digestive System Crop Storage Proventriculus Enzymes Gizzard Grind food Cloaca Waste Reproduction 31

32. Vision Up to 8 times keener than human vision Each eye moves indendtantly 32

33. Respiratory System Nine air sacs Connect to lungs and centers of bones Cools the bird Fresh air always moving 33