Bioinformatics
Bio
i
n
f
orm
a
ti
c
s
What
is
Sequence?
Why
Seq
u
ence
Ali
g
nment
?
Basic
Steps
in
Sequence
Alignment
2
1
3
4
Terms
of sequence
comparison
1
Prof.Dr. Saad S. Mahdi Al-Amara
UNIVERSITY OF BASRAH / COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
LECTURE PhD. 4
Sequence
Alignment
2
What
is
Sequence
?
Biological sequence
is
a
single, continuous molecule of nucleic acid
or
protein.Sequence analysis
in
bioinformatics is
an
automated,
computer-based
examination of characteristic fragments, e.g. of
a
DNA
strand.
The
term "
sequence analysis
"
in
biology implies subjecting
a
DNA
or
peptide sequence
to
sequence
alignment
,
sequence databases
,
repeated
sequence
searches
,
or
other bioinformatics
methods on a
computer.
Eases
further
tasks
like:
2
1
A
B
3
Sequence
Alignment
F
o
r
d
i
s
c
o
v
e
r
i
n
g
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
a
n
d
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
b
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
.
Why
Seq
u
ence
Alignment
?
Annotation
of
new
sequences
.
Modeling
of
protein
structures
.
Design
and
analysis
of
gene
expression
experiments
.
C
Sequence
Alignment
4
Basic
Steps in
Sequence
Alignment
Comparison
of
sequences
to
find
similarity
and
dissimilarity
in
compared
sequences .
Identification
of
gene-structures,
reading
frames,
distributions
of
introns
and exons
and
regulatory
elements
.
Finding
and
comparing
point
mutations
to
get
the
genetic
marker
.
Revealing
the
evolutionary
and
genetic diversity .
Function
annotation
of
genes.
11
Sequence
Alignment
5
Sequence
alignment
involves
the
identification of
the correct
location
of
deletions
and
insertions
that have
occurred in
either
of
the
two
lineages
since
the
divergence
from
a
common
ancestor.
Terms
of
sequence
comparison
Sequence
identity:
Exactly
same
Nucleotide/AminoAcid
in
same
position
Sequence
similarity:
Substitutions
with
similar
chemical
properties
Sequence
homology:
General
term that
indicates
evolutionary
relatedness
among
sequences
Sequence
Alignment
6
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
:
a
c
h
a
i
n
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
T
h
e
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
i
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
b
y
a
s
e
r
i
e
s
o
f
p
e
a
k
s
,
o
n
e
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
n
u
c
l
e
o
t
i
d
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
a
r
e
d
p
e
a
k
i
s
a
n
T
,
b
l
u
e
i
s
a
C
,
B
l
a
c
k
i
s
a
G
,
a
n
d
g
r
e
e
n
i
s
a
A
.
Bioinformatics involves analyzing biological sequences through sequence alignment to uncover functional, structural, and evolutionary insights. This process helps in tasks like annotation of sequences, modeling protein structures, and analyzing gene expression experiments. Basic steps include comparing sequences to identify similarities, gene structures, and mutations, revealing genetic diversity, and annotating gene functions. Terms like sequence identity, similarity, and homology are important in sequence comparison. An example like the chain-termination method illustrates sequence alignment visually.
Download Presentation
Please find below an Image/Link to download the presentation.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author. Download presentation by click this link. If you encounter any issues during the download, it is possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.
E N D
Presentation Transcript
1 UNIVERSITY OF BASRAH / COLLEGE OF SCIENCE Bioinformatics What is Sequence? 1 Why SequenceAlignment ? 2 Basic Steps in SequenceAlignment 3 Terms of sequence comparison 4 Prof.Dr. Saad S. Mahdi Al-Amara LECTURE PhD. 4
2 Sequence Alignment What is Sequence ? Biological sequence is a single, continuous molecule of nucleic acid or protein.Sequence analysis in bioinformatics is an automated, computer-based examination of characteristic fragments, e.g. of a DNAstrand. The term "sequence analysis" in biology implies subjecting a DNA or peptide sequence to sequence alignment, sequence databases, repeated sequence searches, or other bioinformatics methods on a computer.
3 SequenceAlignment Why SequenceAlignment ? For discovering functional, structural and evolutionary information in biological sequences . 1 Eases further tasks like: 2 Annotation of new sequences . A Modeling of protein structures . B Design and analysis of gene expression experiments . C
4 Sequence Alignment Basic Steps in SequenceAlignment Comparison of sequences to find similarity and dissimilarity in compared sequences . Identification of gene-structures, reading frames, distributions of introns and exons and regulatory elements . Finding and comparing point mutations to get the genetic marker . Revealing the evolutionary and genetic diversity . Function annotation of genes.
5 SequenceAlignment Sequence alignment involves the identification of the correct location of deletions and insertions that have occurred in either of the two lineages since the divergence from a common ancestor. Terms of sequence comparison Sequenceidentity: Exactly same Nucleotide/AminoAcid in same position Sequencesimilarity: Substitutions with similar chemical properties Sequencehomology: General term that indicates evolutionary relatedness among sequences 11
6 SequenceAlignment Example :a chaintermination method The sequence is represented by a series of peaks, one for each nucleotide position. In this example, a red peak is an T, blue is a C, Black is a G, and green is a A.
