Beta-Lactam Antibiotics: From Penicillin to Carbapenem

Explore the fascinating world of beta-lactam antibiotics, from the discovery of Penicillin by Alexander Fleming to the different classes like Cephalosporin, Penams, and Carbapenem. Learn about the common structure of beta-lactam rings and how they inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. Dive into the nuances of each class and their unique properties in the field of medicine.

• Beta-lactam antibiotics
• Penicillin
• Cephalosporin
• Carbapenem
• Antibiotic classes

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2. PRESENTATION BY PRESENTATION BY Dr Dr QURR QURR- -ATUL ATUL- -ANN (PRODUCTION MANAGER, (PRODUCTION MANAGER, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPLMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPLMENT MANAGER, MANAGER, BDS,Online BDS,Online Consultant REGULATORY OFFICER IN DRAP) REGULATORY OFFICER IN DRAP) ANN Consultant

4. INTRODUCTION What Is Penicillin? Penicillins are a group of natural or semisynthetic antibiotics containing beta-lactam rings with 6 APA or 6 aminopenicillanic acid and are effective against bacteria. Who Discovered Penicillin? Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 from the fungus Penicillium. The discovery of penicillin brought huge changes in the field of medicine and it is also known as the "wonder drug" or queen of drugs.

6. DESCRIPTION What is a Beta-Lactam Ring? Beta-lactam is a 4 membered lactam & lactam is an amide in the form of cyclic amide. This lactam is called beta-lactam because nitrogen is attached to the beta carbon. Beta-lactam is part of many important antibiotics and these antibiotics work by inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall of bacteria.

8. Cont Name of Antibiotics Containing Beta-Lactam Ring Some common classes of antibiotics which contain beta-lactam ring are as follow, Penicillin Cephalosporin Penams Carbapenem Monobactams What Is Common In All Beta Lactam? The similarity between all the above-mentioned classes of beta- lactam antibiotic is that all contain 4 membered lactam ring having 3 carbon & 1 nitrogen cyclic amide.

9. Cont How Does the Beta-lactam Antibiotic Class Differe? The difference between activity or reactivity of different classes of beta-lactam antibiotics is due to the difference in the attachment of the side chains or different groups attachment by a peptide bond. Explanation The difference is explained as, Penicillins Penicillins have 6 APA or 6 aminopenicillanic acids. Cephalosporins Cephalosporins have 7 aminocephalosporanic acids. Penams In penams, the beta-lactam ring is fused to a saturated 5 membered ring which has 1 sulfur atom. Carbapenem Here carbon is substituted by sulfur.

10. Why Does Penicillin Manufacturing Require a Separate Facility? As we discussed in the above portion, penicillins are sensitizing agents and may trigger hypersensitivity reactions, although the ratio is very low as 10% but US-FDA and other regulatory bodies demand to manufacture these antibiotics in separate facilities to prevent cross-contamination.

11. "What does a separate manufacturing facility mean? The answer is very simple: A separate manufacturing facility is a design that has, Separate manufacturing area from the main plant for manufacturing of other products. Separate HVAC System Separate Equipment Separate WorkForce Separate Laundry Separate Canteen Separate Washrooms

13. why the above-mentioned precautions are done for penicillin manufacturing, It is to prevent cross-contamination and as we know that air may also result in cross- contamination so a suitable distance is maintained between penicillin and other products manufacturing plants.

14. how much distance should we maintain between penicillin manufacturing plant & other products plant? A rough estimation is that a distance of 75 meters or more than 75 meters should be maintained between plant to plant.

15. POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED Like penicillin for all other sensitizing non-penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic classes, the FDA recommends separate manufacturing facilities and strict controls. The penicillin sensitivity or hypersensitivity due to penicillin may be so severe that the invisible traces of penicillin on the documents like BMRs can start hypersensitivity reactions. Sometimes it may be the case where a plant is not manufacturing the penicillin or other non-penicillin beta-lactam antibiotics but the adjacent or nearby plant is producing the above-mentioned. So preventive measures will have to be taken by the plant of non- penicillin to prevent penicillin hypersensitivity.