ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
3/2/2025
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
Russell and Norvig
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:
A Modern Approach
1
3/2/2025
Fourth edition, 2020
older also OK
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2
3/2/2025
Youtube: AI a modern approach
Dan Klein, Peter Abbeel
Berkeley
Video:
http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t
ONNlv6osG4&list=PL5cz44VCrscV
rzSJ9ptlybpWyKdIypvPj
3
3/2/2025
Berkeley Course
http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/
https://aimacode.github.io/aima-exercises/
Exercises
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Q
Define in your own words:
(a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence,
(c) agent, (d) rationality, (e) logical
reasoning.
4
3/2/2025
Contents
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3/2/2025
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solution, state space, graph/tree
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uniform-cost search
8
3/2/2025
Contents
4 Informed Search and Exploration
heuristics (estimate to goal)
greedy search (most promising)
A*, f(n) = g(n) + h(n)
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Major AI textbooks define the field as "the study
and design of intelligent agents."
John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956,
defines it as "the science and engineering of
making intelligent machines.“ (Turing first?)
The field was founded on the claim that intelligence
can be simulated by a machine.
Artificial intelligence has been the subject of
breathtaking optimism, has suffered stunning
setbacks and is today an essential part of the
technology industry, computer science and IS.
10
3/2/2025
Ethics, movies
Ethics of artificial intelligence: if a machine can
be created that has intelligence, could it also
feel
? If it can feel, does it have the same
rights as a human being?
Movies: A.I. (ethics, savior), a servant (R2D2 in
Star Wars
), a comrade (Lt. Commander Data
in
Star Trek
), an extension to human abilities
(
Ghost in the Shell
), a conqueror (
The
Matrix
), a dictator (
With Folded Hands
), an
exterminator (
Terminator
,
Battlestar
Galactica
) and a race (Asurans in "Stargate
Atlantis")
11
3/2/2025
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Deduction, reasoning, problem solving
Knowledge representation
Planning
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Kismet
Sophia
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robot
14
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Logic
Probabilistic methods for uncertain
reasoning
Classifiers and statistical learning methods
Neural networks
Control theory
Specialized languages
15
3/2/2025
AI performance
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(open door)
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This comprehensive resource delves into the fundamentals of artificial intelligence, exploring topics such as intelligent agents, problem solving, knowledge representation, planning, learning, and more. With its widespread adoption in educational institutions globally, this seminal work continues to shape the field of AI. Dive into the world of AI and embark on a journey to understand the intricate workings of intelligent systems and agents.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Russell and Norvig ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A Modern Approach 3/2/2025 1
Fourth edition, 2020 older also OK The leading textbook in Artificial Intelligence, used in 1500 schools in 135 countries and regions Basic theory, understanding 3/2/2025 2
Youtube: AI a modern approach Dan Klein, Peter Abbeel Berkeley Video: http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t ONNlv6osG4&list=PL5cz44VCrscV rzSJ9ptlybpWyKdIypvPj 3/2/2025 3
Berkeley Course http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/ https://aimacode.github.io/aima-exercises/ Exercises Exercise 1.1 // exam Q Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) rationality, (e) logical reasoning. 3/2/2025 4
Contents Part I Artificial Intelligence 1 Introduction 2 Intelligent Agents Part II Problem Solving 3 Solving Problems by Searching 4 Informed Search and Exploration 5 Constraint Satisfaction Problems 6 Adversarial Search Part III Knowledge and Reasoning 7 Logical Agents 8 First-Order Logic 9 Inference in First-Order Logic 10 Knowledge Representation 3/2/2025 5
Contents Part IV Planning 11 Planning 12 Planning and Acting in the Real World Part V Uncertain Knowledge and Reasoning 13 Uncertainty 14 Probabilistic Reasoning 15 Probabilistic Reasoning Over Time 16 Making Simple Decisions 17 Making Complex Decisions Part VI Learning 18 Learning from Observations 19 Knowledge in Learning 20 Statistical Learning Methods 21 Reinforcement Learning 3/2/2025 6
Contents Part VII Communicating, Perceiving, and Acting 22 Communication 23 Probabilistic Language Processing 24 Perception 25 Robotics Part VIII Conclusions 26 Philosophical Foundations 27 AI: Present and Future Data mining 3/2/2025 7
Contents Part I Artificial Intelligence 1 Introduction Check exercises for all sections 2 Intelligent Agents Types of agents see Wikipedia, Roomba https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_agent Part II Problem Solving 3 Solving Problems by Searching search problem, (Pac-man) solution, state space, graph/tree depth-first, breadth-first uniform-cost search 3/2/2025 8
Contents 4 Informed Search and Exploration heuristics (estimate to goal) greedy search (most promising) A*, f(n) = g(n) + h(n) h less than true, optimal bidirectional (if), common 5 Constraint Satisfaction Problems 6 Adversarial Search Part III Knowledge and Reasoning . 3/2/2025 9
Wikipedia The intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Major AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents." John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines. (Turing first?) The field was founded on the claim that intelligence can be simulated by a machine. Artificial intelligence has been the subject of breathtaking optimism, has suffered stunning setbacks and is today an essential part of the technology industry, computer science and IS. 3/2/2025 10
Ethics, movies Ethics of artificial intelligence: if a machine can be created that has intelligence, could it also feel? If it can feel, does it have the same rights as a human being? Movies: A.I. (ethics, savior), a servant (R2D2 in Star Wars), a comrade (Lt. Commander Data in Star Trek), an extension to human abilities (Ghost in the Shell), a conqueror (The Matrix), a dictator (With Folded Hands), an exterminator (Terminator, Battlestar Galactica) and a race (Asurans in "Stargate Atlantis") 3/2/2025 11
Future? Ray Kurzweil has used Moore's law to calculate that computers will have the same processing power as human brains by the year 2029, and that by 2045 artificial intelligence will reach a point where it is able to improve itself at a rate that far exceeds anything conceivable in the past (superintelligence), a scenario that science fiction writer Vernor Vinge named the technological singularity. Edward Fredkin argues that artificial intelligence is the next stage in evolution. Cyborgs = merging humans and machines. 3/2/2025 12
Areas of AI Deduction, reasoning, problem solving Knowledge representation Planning Learning and data mining Natural language processing Motion and manipulation Perception Social intelligence Creativity General intelligence 3/2/2025 13
Approaches to AI Cybernetics and brain simulation Traditional symbolic AI Sub-symbolic AI Kismet Sophia socia robot 3/2/2025 14
Tools of AI research Search and optimization Logic Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning Classifiers and statistical learning methods Neural networks Control theory Specialized languages 3/2/2025 15
AI performance optimal: it is not possible to perform better strong super-human: performs better than all humans (chess) super-human: performs better than most humans (Dota2 sub-human: performs worse than most humans (open door) 3/2/2025 16
