Ancient Egypt Religion, Philosophy, and Medicine Overview
3/12/2016
1
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt
Week 07
Week 07
Lecture 03 – Ancient Egypt
Lecture 03 – Ancient Egypt
Religion and Philosophy
Religion and Philosophy
Medicine
Medicine
Last updated 19 September, 2019
Previously updated 27 March, 2017
Previously updated 12 March, 2016
2
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Week 07 Ancient Egypt
The learning objectives for week 07 are:
–
to appreciate the nonwestern origins of writing and the
alphabet
–
to understand what scholars know about the ancient
pyramids
–
to know a few basic facts about life in ancient Egypt
–
to appreciate some of the major medical advances made in
ancient Egypt
–
to understand the likely Egyptian influences on the Judeo-
Christian tradition
3
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Week 07 Ancient Egypt
Terms you should know for week 07 are:
–
Hieroglyph
–
Cartouche
–
Rosetta Stone
–
Kufu pyramid
–
Monotheism (origins)
4
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Week 07 Lecture 02 Ancient Egypt and
the Pyramids
Sources:
Allen, James P. 2005.
The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt
. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University
Press. Published in conjunction with the exhibition “The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt,” held at the MMA New York
from September 13, 2005 to January 15, 2006
Breasted, James Henry. 1933.
Breasted, James Henry. 1933.
The Dawn of Conscience
The Dawn of Conscience
. New York: Simon & Schuster. Excerpted as Egypt’s Moral Legacy: The
. New York: Simon & Schuster. Excerpted as Egypt’s Moral Legacy: The
Impact on Early Judaism. In
Impact on Early Judaism. In
Turning Points in World History: Ancient Egyptian
Turning Points in World History: Ancient Egyptian
Civilization, edited by Brenda Stalcup. San
Civilization, edited by Brenda Stalcup. San
Diego CA: Greenwood Press, pages 196–208.
Diego CA: Greenwood Press, pages 196–208.
Hurry, Jamieson B. 1926.
Imhotep: The Vizier and Physician of King Zoser
. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mininberg, David T. 2006. Gallery lecture on The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. 10 January 2006;
Nunn, John F. 1996.
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press by special arrangement with the British
Museum Press.
Smith, W. Stevenson. 1958.
The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt
. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Trigger, B. G., B. J. Kemp, D. O’Conner and A. B. Lloyd. 1983.
Ancient Egypt: A Social History
. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Zaslavsky, Claudia. 1990 [1973].
Zaslavsky, Claudia. 1990 [1973].
Africa Counts:
Africa Counts:
Number and Pattern in African Culture
. Brooklyn, New York: Lawrence Hill
Books. P
age 22
age 22
9/22/2024
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Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Overview
Overview
•
Osiris and Isis story
Osiris and Isis story
•
Pharaohs and pyramids
Pharaohs and pyramids
•
Influences on Judeo-Christian beliefs?
Influences on Judeo-Christian beliefs?
•
Body and soul
Body and soul
•
Lesser gods and goddesses
Lesser gods and goddesses
9/22/2024
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Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
The Osiris and Isis Story
The Osiris and Isis Story
Osiris, son of Amun-Ra, the sun god, was
Osiris, son of Amun-Ra, the sun god, was
murdered by Seth, his jealous brother. Seth
murdered by Seth, his jealous brother. Seth
cut up Osiris' corpse into several (sometimes
cut up Osiris' corpse into several (sometimes
14) pieces and scattered them across Egypt.
14) pieces and scattered them across Egypt.
9/22/2024
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Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
The Osiris and Isis Story
The Osiris and Isis Story
Isis, sister and wife of Osiris, painstakingly
Isis, sister and wife of Osiris, painstakingly
found and reassembled the body parts,
found and reassembled the body parts,
wrapped them in mummy cloth and
wrapped them in mummy cloth and
resurrected him long enough to climb on his
resurrected him long enough to climb on his
erect phallus and become pregnant with
erect phallus and become pregnant with
Horus.
Horus.
9/22/2024
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Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
The Osiris and Isis Story
The Osiris and Isis Story
Osiris then became god of the night sky and
Osiris then became god of the night sky and
of the realm of the dead.
of the realm of the dead.
Horus eventually kills Seth to avenge the
Horus eventually kills Seth to avenge the
murder of Osiris.
murder of Osiris.
9/22/2024
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Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
The Osiris and Isis Story
The Osiris and Isis Story
Each living pharaoh took on the identity of
Each living pharaoh took on the identity of
Horus, and became Osiris at death. A cult of
Horus, and became Osiris at death. A cult of
worshipers of Isis became widespread for
worshipers of Isis became widespread for
thousands of years, and was well established
thousands of years, and was well established
in Roman times.
in Roman times.
9/22/2024
10
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and
Ancient Egyptian Religion and
Philosophy
Philosophy
The Osiris and Isis Story
The Osiris and Isis Story
It may have influenced the development of early
It may have influenced the development of early
Christian ideas about Mary and Jesus.
Christian ideas about Mary and Jesus.
The Da Vinci Code
novel contains speculations
about the possibility that Jesus and Mary
Magdalene were part of an Isis cult.
9/22/2024
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Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and
Ancient Egyptian Religion and
Philosophy
Philosophy
•
As we noted in previous slides about the
As we noted in previous slides about the
pyramids – pharaohs were gods as well as
pyramids – pharaohs were gods as well as
humans
humans
•
Burial in pyramids established their
Burial in pyramids established their
connection to the realm of the dead
connection to the realm of the dead
•
May be star connections as well
May be star connections as well
9/22/2024
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Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Judeo-Christian Influences?
Judeo-Christian Influences?
•
Ancient Egyptian religion is more than
Ancient Egyptian religion is more than
1,000 years older than earliest known
1,000 years older than earliest known
Judeo-Christian writings
Judeo-Christian writings
•
Ancient Egyptians first known culture to
Ancient Egyptians first known culture to
imagine reunification of “soul” with body
imagine reunification of “soul” with body
after a period after death
after a period after death
9/22/2024
13
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Judeo-Christian Influences?
Judeo-Christian Influences?
•
Earliest known Egyptian gods/goddesses
Earliest known Egyptian gods/goddesses
were elements of nature.
were elements of nature.
•
Early parts of Old Testament: God as fire
Early parts of Old Testament: God as fire
and/or as volcano
and/or as volcano
9/22/2024
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Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Judeo-Christian Influences?
Judeo-Christian Influences?
•
Egyptians among the earliest known people
Egyptians among the earliest known people
to develop belief in anthropomorphic (human
to develop belief in anthropomorphic (human
form) gods/ goddesses.
form) gods/ goddesses.
•
This is a major feature of the Judeo-
This is a major feature of the Judeo-
Christian tradition: God as father, king,
Christian tradition: God as father, king,
judge, shepard
judge, shepard
9/22/2024
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Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Judeo-Christian Influences?
Judeo-Christian Influences?
•
Early Egyptian anthropomorphic deities had
Early Egyptian anthropomorphic deities had
a transitional quality, keeping parts of
a transitional quality, keeping parts of
animals mixed with humans. Thus the
animals mixed with humans. Thus the
anthropomorphic god Horus often has a
anthropomorphic god Horus often has a
falcon's head. (A falcon god called Horus
falcon's head. (A falcon god called Horus
was also known in ancient Egypt.)
was also known in ancient Egypt.)
9/22/2024
16
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Judeo-Christian Influences?
Judeo-Christian Influences?
•
The Egyptian creation story begins with a
The Egyptian creation story begins with a
dark, watery void, probably a reference to
dark, watery void, probably a reference to
the Nile flood. Atum, the creator, rises
the Nile flood. Atum, the creator, rises
out of the waters and creates all living
out of the waters and creates all living
things. The Genesis creation story two
things. The Genesis creation story two
thousand years later has strikingly similar
thousand years later has strikingly similar
elements.
elements.
9/22/2024
17
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Judeo-Christian Influences?
Judeo-Christian Influences?
•
Some of Egypt's gods and goddesses
Some of Egypt's gods and goddesses
came down from "heaven" to earth to
came down from "heaven" to earth to
perform particular tasks
perform particular tasks
–
–
another
another
possible precursor of later Christian
possible precursor of later Christian
ideas.
ideas.
9/22/2024
18
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Soul in Ancient Egypt
Soul in Ancient Egypt
•
Egyptians developed complex ideas about soul
Egyptians developed complex ideas about soul
–
1. One's name
1. One's name
which had some power of its own
which had some power of its own
–
2. One's shadow
2. One's shadow
reflecting the ability to procreate
reflecting the ability to procreate
–
3. One's
3. One's
Ba
Ba
an animating force that could fly to places
an animating force that could fly to places
the body could not visit outside the tomb
the body could not visit outside the tomb
9/22/2024
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Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Soul in Ancient Egypt
Soul in Ancient Egypt
–
4. One's
4. One's
Akh
Akh
a supernatural power attained
a supernatural power attained
only after death
only after death
–
5. One's
5. One's
Ka
Ka
the spirit after death, perhaps
the spirit after death, perhaps
the personality of the eternal identity of the
the personality of the eternal identity of the
individual; during one's life it played some role
individual; during one's life it played some role
not yet well understood by modern observers. A
not yet well understood by modern observers. A
person's tomb was known as the "house of
person's tomb was known as the "house of
his/her
his/her
ka
ka
."
."
9/22/2024
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Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Lesser gods and goddesses
Lesser gods and goddesses
Egyptian religion developed and changed
Egyptian religion developed and changed
somewhat over the 3,000 years of its
somewhat over the 3,000 years of its
existence, so other versions of the Osiris
existence, so other versions of the Osiris
story are found, as are other gods,
story are found, as are other gods,
goddesses, cults, and beliefs.
goddesses, cults, and beliefs.
9/22/2024
21
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Lesser gods and goddesses
Lesser gods and goddesses
–
Ptah: patron of craftsmen
Ptah: patron of craftsmen
–
Thoth: patron of scribes; god of
Thoth: patron of scribes; god of
mathematics
mathematics
–
Hathor: goddess of love and childbirth
Hathor: goddess of love and childbirth
–
Maat: goddess of truth, justice, and
Maat: goddess of truth, justice, and
order; maat later became an abstract
order; maat later became an abstract
principle of truth and justice
principle of truth and justice
9/22/2024
22
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Judeo-Christian Influences?
Judeo-Christian Influences?
•
Egypt the first culture historically to
Egypt the first culture historically to
adopt monotheism
adopt monotheism
•
In 18th dynasty in reign of pharaoh
In 18th dynasty in reign of pharaoh
Akhenaten
Akhenaten
9/22/2024
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Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Influences on
Influences on
Judeo-Christian
Judeo-Christian
Tradition?
Tradition?
•
Reigned about 1353
Reigned about 1353
BC
BC
to 1336
to 1336
BC
BC
•
Combined Atum,
Combined Atum,
Ra, and Horus into
Ra, and Horus into
one god called
one god called
“Atum”
“Atum”
9/22/2024
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Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian
Ancient Egyptian
Religion and
Religion and
Philosophy
Philosophy
•
Also famous because of
Also famous because of
wife Nefertiti
wife Nefertiti
•
Her bust in Berlin
Her bust in Berlin
museum considered one
museum considered one
of finest remains from
of finest remains from
antiquity
antiquity
9/22/2024
25
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Influences on Judeo-Christian
Influences on Judeo-Christian
Tradition?
Tradition?
•
Akhenaten’s monotheism at least 100 years
Akhenaten’s monotheism at least 100 years
before Moses wrote down first five books
before Moses wrote down first five books
of Old Testament
of Old Testament
•
Name Moses is Egyptian word (Moishe) for
Name Moses is Egyptian word (Moishe) for
“child”
“child”
•
Moses grew up and was educated in Egypt
Moses grew up and was educated in Egypt
9/22/2024
26
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Influences on Judeo-Christian
Influences on Judeo-Christian
Tradition?
Tradition?
•
Passages in Book of Proverbs and other Old
Passages in Book of Proverbs and other Old
Testament writings virtual quotes from
Testament writings virtual quotes from
earlier Egyptian writings
earlier Egyptian writings
•
Especially from Egyptian text called
Especially from Egyptian text called
“Maxims of Amenemope,” written 1,500
“Maxims of Amenemope,” written 1,500
years before Bible
years before Bible
9/22/2024
27
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Influences on Judeo-Christian Tradition?
Influences on Judeo-Christian Tradition?
More info –
More info –
Breasted, James Henry. 1933.
Breasted, James Henry. 1933.
The Dawn of Conscience
The Dawn of Conscience
. New
. New
York: Simon & Schuster.
York: Simon & Schuster.
Excerpted as Egypt’s Moral Legacy: The Impact on Early
Excerpted as Egypt’s Moral Legacy: The Impact on Early
Judaism. In
Judaism. In
Turning Points in World History: Ancient
Turning Points in World History: Ancient
Egyptian
Egyptian
Civilization, edited by Brenda Stalcup. San Diego
Civilization, edited by Brenda Stalcup. San Diego
CA: Greenwood Press, pages 196–208.
CA: Greenwood Press, pages 196–208.
9/22/2024
28
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egypt was the most medically
Ancient Egypt was the most medically
advanced culture of its time. Many of the
advanced culture of its time. Many of the
practices developed by Egyptian physicians,
practices developed by Egyptian physicians,
physician-priests, and magicians laid the
physician-priests, and magicians laid the
basis for modern medicine, being passed
basis for modern medicine, being passed
through the Greeks and other later
through the Greeks and other later
cultures.
cultures.
9/22/2024
29
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
1. Much of our knowledge of ancient Egyptian
1. Much of our knowledge of ancient Egyptian
medicine comes from the Edwin Smith
medicine comes from the Edwin Smith
Papyrus, a document from 1600 BC that laid
Papyrus, a document from 1600 BC that laid
in various storehouses in New York for the
in various storehouses in New York for the
past 100 years.
past 100 years.
9/22/2024
30
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Recently exhibited for the first time
Recently exhibited for the first time
in centuries, it provides 48 medical
in centuries, it provides 48 medical
cases with diagnoses and suggested
cases with diagnoses and suggested
cures.
cures.
Sources for the next several slides: Allen, James P. 2005.
The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt
. New York: The Metropolitan
Museum of Art and Yale University Press. Published in conjunction with the exhibition “The Art of Medicine in Ancient
Egypt,” held at the MMA New York from September 13, 2005 to January 15, 2006; Mininberg, David T. 2006. Gallery
lecture on The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. 10 January 2006; Nunn, John F. 1996.
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
. Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press by special arrangement with the British Museum Press.
9/22/2024
31
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
9/22/2024
32
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
2. Knowledge of the medicinal properties of
2. Knowledge of the medicinal properties of
the lotus – also a sacred object in ancient
the lotus – also a sacred object in ancient
Egypt. They would grind up the roots and
Egypt. They would grind up the roots and
swallow as a pain killer. Modern scientists
swallow as a pain killer. Modern scientists
have discovered that lotus roots contain a
have discovered that lotus roots contain a
morphine-like substance.
morphine-like substance.
9/22/2024
33
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
3. The use of honey and of raw meat to heal
3. The use of honey and of raw meat to heal
wounds. Both are osmotics – they suck up
wounds. Both are osmotics – they suck up
moisture and speed healing – they both have
moisture and speed healing – they both have
enzymes that aid in healing, and honey has
enzymes that aid in healing, and honey has
antibiotic properties.
antibiotic properties.
9/22/2024
34
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
4. Knowledge of the pain killing and sedating
4. Knowledge of the pain killing and sedating
properties of opium itself, which the
properties of opium itself, which the
Egyptians imported.
Egyptians imported.
9/22/2024
35
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian
Ancient Egyptian
Medicine
Medicine
5. Use of pomegranate
5. Use of pomegranate
seeds as a contraceptive.
seeds as a contraceptive.
They turn out to contain
They turn out to contain
estrogenic chemicals
estrogenic chemicals
similar to the modern
similar to the modern
birth control pill.
birth control pill.
Glass jars for pomegranate seeds or root
grounds, New Kingdom 1280–1080 BC
→
9/22/2024
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Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
6. Use of ground up pomegranate roots that
6. Use of ground up pomegranate roots that
contain peletrin, an antiparasite. Infections
contain peletrin, an antiparasite. Infections
and parasites were common problems for
and parasites were common problems for
ancient Egyptians.
ancient Egyptians.
9/22/2024
37
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
7. Use of lead- and copper-based black paint
7. Use of lead- and copper-based black paint
under the eyes to cut down on glare (just like
under the eyes to cut down on glare (just like
modern baseball players). The galena (lead
modern baseball players). The galena (lead
sulfide) also killed flies that caused river
sulfide) also killed flies that caused river
blindness – a serious disease in ancient
blindness – a serious disease in ancient
Egypt.
Egypt.
9/22/2024
38
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
8. Ancient Egyptians had medical schools
8. Ancient Egyptians had medical schools
where doctors were trained from textbooks
where doctors were trained from textbooks
and took exams to get certified.
and took exams to get certified.
9. There were apparently several types of
9. There were apparently several types of
specialists including gastroenterologists,
specialists including gastroenterologists,
obgyns, dentists, nurses, pharmacists and
obgyns, dentists, nurses, pharmacists and
proctologists. Several known physicians
proctologists. Several known physicians
were women.
were women.
9/22/2024
39
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
10. Perhaps because of their mummification
10. Perhaps because of their mummification
experience, Egyptians possessed substantial
experience, Egyptians possessed substantial
anatomical knowledge and developed a
anatomical knowledge and developed a
detailed specialist terminology for parts of
detailed specialist terminology for parts of
the body including various bones and
the body including various bones and
internal organs.
internal organs.
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Mummification
Mummification
10a. 2017 Update: The ancient
10a. 2017 Update: The ancient
Peruvians developed
Peruvians developed
mummification 7,000 years
mummification 7,000 years
ago, way before the
ago, way before the
Egyptians 3,500 years ago.
Egyptians 3,500 years ago.
These two cultures
These two cultures
independently created this
independently created this
means of preserving – and
means of preserving – and
understanding – features of
understanding – features of
the human body.
the human body.
This slide was added on 27 March, 2017
40
See the New York Times article of
23 March, 2017 about Peruvian and
Egyptian mummies:
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/23/art
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/23/art
s/design/mummies-exhibition-american-
s/design/mummies-exhibition-american-
museum-of-natural-history.html
museum-of-natural-history.html
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Mummification
Mummification
10b. 2017 Update: The ancient
10b. 2017 Update: The ancient
Peruvians used their
Peruvians used their
mummies in ceremonies
mummies in ceremonies
where bringing back the
where bringing back the
ancestors was important.
ancestors was important.
The Egyptians put their
The Egyptians put their
mummies in tombs where
mummies in tombs where
they were to be preserved
they were to be preserved
for the eternal afterlife.
for the eternal afterlife.
This slide was added on 27 March, 2017
41
Peruvian mummies
See the New York Times article of
23 March, 2017 about Peruvian and
Egyptian mummies:
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/23/art
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/23/art
s/design/mummies-exhibition-american-
s/design/mummies-exhibition-american-
museum-of-natural-history.html
museum-of-natural-history.html
9/22/2024
42
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
11. The Edwin Smith Papyrus contains the first
11. The Edwin Smith Papyrus contains the first
known description of the physical
known description of the physical
characteristics of the human brain.
characteristics of the human brain.
9/22/2024
43
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian
Ancient Egyptian
Medicine
Medicine
12. Disease prevention:
Ancient Egyptians were
aware of the importance of
washing the body with
water, but they did not
understand germs.
←
Washing bowl with human
feet. The bowl mimics the
hieroglyph for “clean” and the
tilt indicates that the water
should be poured onto the
body.
9/22/2024
44
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
13. Egyptian physicians did not develop surgery
13. Egyptian physicians did not develop surgery
to anywhere near the level of the ancient
to anywhere near the level of the ancient
Native Americans (discussed earlier in the
Native Americans (discussed earlier in the
course).
course).
9/22/2024
45
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
14. Medicine and religion were closely
14. Medicine and religion were closely
connected. Many physicians were also
connected. Many physicians were also
priests and could administer chants and
priests and could administer chants and
spells as well as ointments or powders.
spells as well as ointments or powders.
15. Sekhmet was the goddess of medicine in
15. Sekhmet was the goddess of medicine in
ancient Egypt.
ancient Egypt.
9/22/2024
46
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian
Ancient Egyptian
Medicine
Medicine
16. Taweret, the female
16. Taweret, the female
hippopotamus was the
hippopotamus was the
guardian of women
guardian of women
during pregnancy and
during pregnancy and
childbirth.
childbirth.
Taweret figurine, 300 BC–30 BC
Taweret figurine, 300 BC–30 BC
→
→
9/22/2024
47
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian
Ancient Egyptian
Medicine
Medicine
17. Sources
17. Sources
Allen, James P. 2005.
The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt
.
New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale
University Press. Published in conjunction with the
exhibition “The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt,” held at
the MMA New York from September 13, 2005 to January
15, 2006;
Mininberg, David T. 2006. Gallery lecture on The Art of
Medicine in Ancient Egypt. 10 January 2006; Nunn,
John F. 1996.
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
. Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press by special arrangement
with the British Museum Press.
9/22/2024
48
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
End of Week 07
End of Week 07
Lecture 03 on Egyptian
Lecture 03 on Egyptian
Religion
Religion
Philosophy
Philosophy
Medicine
Medicine
Explore the fascinating world of Ancient Egyptian religion, philosophy, and medicine with insights into the non-Western origins of writing, influential medical advancements, and potential impacts on the Judeo-Christian tradition. Delve into the mysteries of hieroglyphs, pyramids, and key terms like Rosetta Stone and Monotheism. Uncover ancient wisdom and practices that shaped a civilization.
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Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egypt Week 07 Lecture 03 Ancient Egypt Religion and Philosophy Medicine Last updated 19 September, 2019 Previously updated 27 March, 2017 Previously updated 12 March, 2016 3/12/2016 1
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Week 07 Ancient Egypt The learning objectives for week 07 are: to appreciate the nonwestern origins of writing and the alphabet to understand what scholars know about the ancient pyramids to know a few basic facts about life in ancient Egypt to appreciate some of the major medical advances made in ancient Egypt to understand the likely Egyptian influences on the Judeo- Christian tradition 2
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Week 07 Ancient Egypt Terms you should know for week 07 are: Hieroglyph Cartouche Rosetta Stone Kufu pyramid Monotheism (origins) 3
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Week 07 Lecture 02 Ancient Egypt and the Pyramids Sources: Allen, James P. 2005. The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press. Published in conjunction with the exhibition The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt, held at the MMA New York from September 13, 2005 to January 15, 2006 Breasted, James Henry. 1933. The Dawn of Conscience. New York: Simon & Schuster. Excerpted as Egypt s Moral Legacy: The Impact on Early Judaism. In Turning Points in World History: Ancient Egyptian Civilization, edited by Brenda Stalcup. San Diego CA: Greenwood Press, pages 196 208. Hurry, Jamieson B. 1926. Imhotep: The Vizier and Physician of King Zoser. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mininberg, David T. 2006. Gallery lecture on The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. 10 January 2006; Nunn, John F. 1996. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press by special arrangement with the British Museum Press. Smith, W. Stevenson. 1958. The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt. New Haven: Yale University Press. Trigger, B. G., B. J. Kemp, D. O Conner and A. B. Lloyd. 1983. Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Zaslavsky, Claudia. 1990 [1973]. Africa Counts: Number and Pattern in African Culture. Brooklyn, New York: Lawrence Hill Books. Page 22 4
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy Overview Osiris and Isis story Pharaohs and pyramids Influences on Judeo-Christian beliefs? Body and soul Lesser gods and goddesses 9/22/2024 5
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy The Osiris and Isis Story Osiris, son of Amun-Ra, the sun god, was murdered by Seth, his jealous brother. Seth cut up Osiris' corpse into several (sometimes 14) pieces and scattered them across Egypt. 9/22/2024 6
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy The Osiris and Isis Story Isis, sister and wife of Osiris, painstakingly found and reassembled the body parts, wrapped them in mummy cloth and resurrected him long enough to climb on his erect phallus and become pregnant with Horus. 9/22/2024 7
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy The Osiris and Isis Story Osiris then became god of the night sky and of the realm of the dead. Horus eventually kills Seth to avenge the murder of Osiris. 9/22/2024 8
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy The Osiris and Isis Story Each living pharaoh took on the identity of Horus, and became Osiris at death. A cult of worshipers of Isis became widespread for thousands of years, and was well established in Roman times. 9/22/2024 9
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy The Osiris and Isis Story It may have influenced the development of early Christian ideas about Mary and Jesus. The Da Vinci Code novel contains speculations about the possibility that Jesus and Mary Magdalene were part of an Isis cult. 9/22/2024 10
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy As we noted in previous slides about the pyramids pharaohs were gods as well as humans Burial in pyramids established their connection to the realm of the dead May be star connections as well 9/22/2024 11
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy Judeo-Christian Influences? Ancient Egyptian religion is more than 1,000 years older than earliest known Judeo-Christian writings Ancient Egyptians first known culture to imagine reunification of soul with body after a period after death 9/22/2024 12
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy Judeo-Christian Influences? Earliest known Egyptian gods/goddesses were elements of nature. Early parts of Old Testament: God as fire and/or as volcano 9/22/2024 13
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy Judeo-Christian Influences? Egyptians among the earliest known people to develop belief in anthropomorphic (human form) gods/ goddesses. This is a major feature of the Judeo- Christian tradition: God as father, king, judge, shepard 9/22/2024 14
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy Judeo-Christian Influences? Early Egyptian anthropomorphic deities had a transitional quality, keeping parts of animals mixed with humans. Thus the anthropomorphic god Horus often has a falcon's head. (A falcon god called Horus was also known in ancient Egypt.) 9/22/2024 15
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy Judeo-Christian Influences? The Egyptian creation story begins with a dark, watery void, probably a reference to the Nile flood. Atum, the creator, rises out of the waters and creates all living things. The Genesis creation story two thousand years later has strikingly similar elements. 9/22/2024 16
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy Judeo-Christian Influences? Some of Egypt's gods and goddesses came down from "heaven" to earth to perform particular tasks another possible precursor of later Christian ideas. 9/22/2024 17
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy Soul in Ancient Egypt Egyptians developed complex ideas about soul 1. One's name 2. One's shadow 3. One's Ba the body could not visit outside the tomb which had some power of its own reflecting the ability to procreate an animating force that could fly to places 9/22/2024 18
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Soul in Ancient Egypt 4. One's Akh only after death 5. One's Ka the personality of the eternal identity of the individual; during one's life it played some role not yet well understood by modern observers. A person's tomb was known as the "house of his/her ka." a supernatural power attained the spirit after death, perhaps 9/22/2024 19
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy Lesser gods and goddesses Egyptian religion developed and changed somewhat over the 3,000 years of its existence, so other versions of the Osiris story are found, as are other gods, goddesses, cults, and beliefs. 9/22/2024 20
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy Lesser gods and goddesses Ptah: patron of craftsmen Thoth: patron of scribes; god of mathematics Hathor: goddess of love and childbirth Maat: goddess of truth, justice, and order; maat later became an abstract principle of truth and justice 9/22/2024 21
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy Judeo-Christian Influences? Egypt the first culture historically to adopt monotheism In 18th dynasty in reign of pharaoh Akhenaten 9/22/2024 22
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Influences on Judeo-Christian Tradition? Reigned about 1353 BC to 1336 BC Combined Atum, Ra, and Horus into one god called Atum 9/22/2024 23
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy Also famous because of wife Nefertiti Her bust in Berlin museum considered one of finest remains from antiquity 9/22/2024 24
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy Influences on Judeo-Christian Tradition? Akhenaten s monotheism at least 100 years before Moses wrote down first five books of Old Testament Name Moses is Egyptian word (Moishe) for child Moses grew up and was educated in Egypt 9/22/2024 25
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy Influences on Judeo-Christian Tradition? Passages in Book of Proverbs and other Old Testament writings virtual quotes from earlier Egyptian writings Especially from Egyptian text called Maxims of Amenemope, written 1,500 years before Bible 9/22/2024 26
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy Influences on Judeo-Christian Tradition? More info Breasted, James Henry. 1933. The Dawn of Conscience. New York: Simon & Schuster. Excerpted as Egypt s Moral Legacy: The Impact on Early Judaism. In Turning Points in World History: Ancient Egyptian Civilization, edited by Brenda Stalcup. San Diego CA: Greenwood Press, pages 196 208. 9/22/2024 27
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine Ancient Egypt was the most medically advanced culture of its time. Many of the practices developed by Egyptian physicians, physician-priests, and magicians laid the basis for modern medicine, being passed through the Greeks and other later cultures. 9/22/2024 28
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine 1. Much of our knowledge of ancient Egyptian medicine comes from the Edwin Smith Papyrus, a document from 1600 BC that laid in various storehouses in New York for the past 100 years. 9/22/2024 29
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine Recently exhibited for the first time in centuries, it provides 48 medical cases with diagnoses and suggested cures. Sources for the next several slides: Allen, James P. 2005. The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press. Published in conjunction with the exhibition The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt, held at the MMA New York from September 13, 2005 to January 15, 2006; Mininberg, David T. 2006. Gallery lecture on The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. 10 January 2006; Nunn, John F. 1996. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press by special arrangement with the British Museum Press. 30 9/22/2024
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine 9/22/2024 31
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine 2. Knowledge of the medicinal properties of the lotus also a sacred object in ancient Egypt. They would grind up the roots and swallow as a pain killer. Modern scientists have discovered that lotus roots contain a morphine-like substance. 9/22/2024 32
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine 3. The use of honey and of raw meat to heal wounds. Both are osmotics they suck up moisture and speed healing they both have enzymes that aid in healing, and honey has antibiotic properties. 9/22/2024 33
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine 4. Knowledge of the pain killing and sedating properties of opium itself, which the Egyptians imported. 9/22/2024 34
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine 5. Use of pomegranate seeds as a contraceptive. They turn out to contain estrogenic chemicals similar to the modern birth control pill. Glass jars for pomegranate seeds or root grounds, New Kingdom 1280 1080 BC 9/22/2024 35
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine 6. Use of ground up pomegranate roots that contain peletrin, an antiparasite. Infections and parasites were common problems for ancient Egyptians. 9/22/2024 36
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine 7. Use of lead- and copper-based black paint under the eyes to cut down on glare (just like modern baseball players). The galena (lead sulfide) also killed flies that caused river blindness a serious disease in ancient Egypt. 9/22/2024 37
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine 8. Ancient Egyptians had medical schools where doctors were trained from textbooks and took exams to get certified. 9. There were apparently several types of specialists including gastroenterologists, obgyns, dentists, nurses, pharmacists and proctologists. Several known physicians were women. 9/22/2024 38
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine 10. Perhaps because of their mummification experience, Egyptians possessed substantial anatomical knowledge and developed a detailed specialist terminology for parts of the body including various bones and internal organs. 9/22/2024 39
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Mummification 10a. 2017 Update: The ancient Peruvians developed mummification 7,000 years ago, way before the Egyptians 3,500 years ago. These two cultures independently created this means of preserving and understanding features of the human body. See the New York Times article of 23 March, 2017 about Peruvian and Egyptian mummies: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/23/art s/design/mummies-exhibition-american- museum-of-natural-history.html This slide was added on 27 March, 2017 40
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Mummification 10b. 2017 Update: The ancient Peruvians used their mummies in ceremonies where bringing back the ancestors was important. The Egyptians put their mummies in tombs where they were to be preserved for the eternal afterlife. Peruvian mummies See the New York Times article of 23 March, 2017 about Peruvian and Egyptian mummies: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/23/art s/design/mummies-exhibition-american- museum-of-natural-history.html This slide was added on 27 March, 2017 41
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine 11. The Edwin Smith Papyrus contains the first known description of the physical characteristics of the human brain. 9/22/2024 42
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine 12. Disease prevention: Ancient Egyptians were aware of the importance of washing the body with water, but they did not understand germs. Washing bowl with human feet. The bowl mimics the hieroglyph for clean and the tilt indicates that the water should be poured onto the body. 9/22/2024 43
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine 13. Egyptian physicians did not develop surgery to anywhere near the level of the ancient Native Americans (discussed earlier in the course). 9/22/2024 44
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine 14. Medicine and religion were closely connected. Many physicians were also priests and could administer chants and spells as well as ointments or powders. 15. Sekhmet was the goddess of medicine in ancient Egypt. 9/22/2024 45
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine 16. Taweret, the female hippopotamus was the guardian of women during pregnancy and childbirth. Taweret figurine, 300 BC 30 BC 9/22/2024 46
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine 17. Sources Allen, James P. 2005. The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press. Published in conjunction with the exhibition The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt, held at the MMA New York from September 13, 2005 to January 15, 2006; Mininberg, David T. 2006. Gallery lecture on The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. 10 January 2006; Nunn, John F. 1996. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press by special arrangement with the British Museum Press. 9/22/2024 47
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ancient Egyptian Medicine End of Week 07 Lecture 03 on Egyptian Religion Philosophy Medicine 9/22/2024 48
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