An Overview of Genetics and Cellular Components
Introduction to Genetic
•
Basic
component of life.
•
Two main categories,
prokarytic
and
eukaryotic
cells.
•
Differences
in the nucleus.
The Cell
•
Prokaryotes
:
No
defined
nucleus
and a simplified
internal structure.
•
Eukaryotes
:
•
Membrane
limited nucleus and complicated internal
structure
.
S
quamous epithelium
top view
Bacillus
Two major types of cells are known according to the arrangement of the
genetic material and the contents of the cytoplasm.
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Pro
=before,
karyon
=nucleus
Eu
=true,
karyon
=nucleus
nucleus
Not present
Present
DNA is associated with
proteins in a complex
structure known as the
chromatin.
Prepared by : Amal Awad Al-Harbi
4
The region where the
DNA is found is
known as the
nucleiod.
Cell types
•
Genetic material is located in
nucleus
.
•
The genetic information is
stored
in
Deoxyribonucleic
acid,
DNA.
•
DNA contains the
information
needed to build an
individual.
•
“
Genetics is the study of
heredity
, the process
in which a parent passes certain
genes
on to
their children.
What is genetics?
•
Heredity
describes how some
traits
are passed from
parents
to their
children
.
•
The
traits
are expressed by
genes
,
which are
small
sections
of
DNA
that are
coded
for specific
traits
.
•
Genes
are found on
chromosomes
.
•
Humans have two sets of
23
chromosomes
one set from
each parent.
Genetic Terminology
Genetic Terminology
G
e
n
e
t
i
c
t
e
r
m
s
•
Cell
•
Nucleus
•
Chromosome
•
DNA
(
Deoxyribonucleic
Acid
) Double helix*
•
Genes
•
Base pair
base pair
cell
nucleus
chromosome
(double
helix)
DNA
genes
Genetic Terminology
Genetic Terminology
•
All living organisms
consist
of
cells
.
•
In each
cell
there is
chromosomes
.
•
Chromosomes
are
strings
of DNA.
•
Chromosome
consists of
genes
, blocks of DNA.
•
Each
gene
encodes
a particular
protein
.
Chromosome
C
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
•
Each
gene
has its own
position
in the
chromosome
.
•
This
position
is called
locus
.
•
Complete set
of genetic material (all chromosomes(Ex. In
human
’
s cell is 46)) is called
genome
.
•
Particular
set of genes in genome is called
genotype
.
Genotype
– the genetic makeup of an organisms.
•
phenotype
, its physical and mental features, such as
eye
color
, intelligence etc.
Genetic Terminology
Genetic Terminology
C
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
c
a
n
v
a
r
y
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
b
l
y
i
n
s
i
z
e
a
n
d
s
h
a
p
e
-
V
a
r
i
o
u
s
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
i
z
e
,
C
e
n
t
r
o
m
e
r
e
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
B
a
n
d
i
n
g
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
.
-
C
e
n
t
r
o
m
e
r
e
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
c
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
.
A
t the
middle
in a
metacentric
chromosome.
Near
the middle in a
submetacentric
chromosome.
Near an
end
in an
acrocentric
chromosome.
At an
end
in a
telocentric
chromosome.
Chromosome structure
Chromosome structure
1:
S
ister chromatids
.
2:
C
entromere
.
3
:S
hort ar
m.
4:
L
ong arm
.
5:
S
atellite
.
6:
S
econdary constriction
.
A: metacentric, B: submetacentric, C: acrocentric
Shapes of chromosomes
Explore the fundamental concepts of genetics, including cell types, genetic material, heredity, and genetic terminology. Learn about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, chromosomes, DNA, genes, and the study of heredity. Discover the significance of genetic information stored in the nucleus and its role in passing traits from parents to offspring.
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Presentation Transcript
Introduction to Genetic Prepared by: Jawahir AL-Ghamdi Nouf khalid AL-Sultan.
The Cell Basic component of life. Two main categories, prokarytic and eukaryotic cells. Differences in the nucleus.
Prokaryotes: No defined nucleus and a simplified internal structure. Bacillus Eukaryotes: Membrane limited nucleus and complicated internal structure. Squamous epithelium top view
Cell types Two major types of cells are known according to the arrangement of the genetic material and the contents of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Pro=before, karyon=nucleus Eu=true, karyon=nucleus Prepared by : Amal Awad Al-Harbi Present Not present nucleus The region where the DNA is found is known as the nucleiod. DNA is associated with proteins in a complex structure known as the chromatin. 4
Genetic material is located in nucleus. The genetic information is stored in Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA. DNA contains the information needed to build an individual.
What is genetics? Genetics is the study of heredity, the process in which a parent passes certain genes on to their children.
Genetic Terminology Heredity describes how some traits are passed from parents to their children. The traits are expressed by genes, which are smallsections of DNA that are coded for specific traits. Genes are found on chromosomes. Humans have two sets of 23chromosomes one set from each parent.
Genetic terms Genetic Terminology nucleus chromosome Cell Nucleus Chromosome DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Double helix* Genes Base pair cell base pair (double helix) DNA genes
Chromosome All living organisms consist of cells. In each cell there is chromosomes. Chromosomes are strings of DNA. Chromosome consists of genes, blocks of DNA. Each geneencodes a particular protein.
Chromosome Genetic Terminology Each gene has its own position in the chromosome. This position is called locus. Complete set of genetic material (all chromosomes(Ex. In human s cell is 46)) is called genome. Particular set of genes in genome is called genotype. Genotype the genetic makeup of an organisms. phenotype, its physical and mental features, such as eye color, intelligence etc.
Chromosome structure Chromosomes can vary considerably in size and shape -Various features used for identification Size, Centromere location, Banding patterns. -Centromere location differs between chromosomes. At the middle in a metacentric chromosome. Near the middle in a submetacentric chromosome. Near an end in an acrocentric chromosome. At an end in a telocentric chromosome.
Shapes of chromosomes 1: Sister chromatids. 2: Centromere. 3:Short arm. 4: Long arm. 5: Satellite. 6: Secondary constriction. A: metacentric, B: submetacentric, C: acrocentric
