Amylase: Sources, Functions, and Clinical Significance
Malabsorption
Analysis of Serum Amylase
Q.1
What is amylase, and what are its sources
in human body?
Answer
: Amylase
are group of proteins found in
saliva, pancreatic juice and parts of plants; they
help to convert starch into sugar
Q. 2
What is the physiological action of amylase?
Answer
: Amylase
hydrolyzes (breakdown) the dietary
starch and glycogen into:
- Short, branched oligosaccharides (e.g. maltotriose)
- Disaccharides (maltose and iso-maltose).
Q. 3
Would you expect a high level of amylase
in blood under a normal condition?
Answer
: No
Q. 4 –a:
What are the uses of amylase
measurement in clinical practice?
Answer
:
Acute Pancreatitis
Q. 4 –b:
What other diagnostic marker
that can be measured in this clinical
condition?
Answer
:
Serum lipase
Serum amylase vs. lipase for acute
pancreatitis
•
Values more than three times the normal range along with the clinical picture is
considered positive for acute pancreatitis.
•
Even though the specificity and sensitivity of serum amylase are lower than
those of serum lipase, serum amylase is widely used for diagnosing pancreatitis
because it is relatively inexpensive.
Q. 4 –c:
If a patient has an elevated amylase levels,
does this always mean that he has a pancreatic
condition?
Answer
:
No, Amylase levels may also be significantly increased
in patients having conditions other than pancreatic
disease.
Example:
•
Gallbladder diseases
•
Acute appendicitis
•
Intestinal obstruction
•
Perforated intestinal ulcer
Q. 5
Changes in serum amylase activity during course
of an injury (time course)
Amylase levels will be increasing over time, and will reach a peak
within 12-72 hours. It will return to normal in few days (~ a week).
Q5-a
What are the possible factors responsible for these
changes
in the curve?
Why does it decrease?
1.
The condition is self-limited
2.
The circulating amylase will be excreted in urine
3.
The circulating amylase will be degraded (protein
turnover)
Answer:
Why does amylase level increase?
Acute pancreatitis
damage of the exocrine part of the
pancreas
release of the pancreatic enzymes into the
circulation (
α
-Amylase is one of the pancreatic enzymes
released).
Q5-b
With knowledge about amylase activity overtime, what is
the clinical application?
Answer
:
Three points can be derived from such a curve:
1.
Measurement of α-amylase in the serum is limited by the time
elapsed since the initiation of acute inflammation of the pancreas.
If the patient presented late, and the condition was self limited,
the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis based on the enzyme level at
time of presentation could be missed.
2.
The measurement of α-amylase in serum should not be
interpreted on its own; it has to be evaluated in association with
the clinical picture (e.g. the nature of abdominal pain).
3.
The rising trend of the levels of serum α-amylase as the acute
inflammation is taking place is more clinically significant than
one single high reading.
SOURCES OF VARIATION IN TEST
RESULTS
For adequate interpretation of laboratory test results,
you have to completely understand different reasons
for variation in test results:
Analytical factors: e.g., accuracy (reliability) and precision
(reproducibility)
Biological factors: e.g., sex, age, diet, drugs ..
Pathological factors: e.g., progression of the disease,
complications
Accuracy
The reliability of the method in determining the true
value of the analyte
The extent to which the mean measurement is close to
the true value
It is useful for comparison of original, gold standard
method with other methods
Precision
The reproducibility of the method when it is run
repeatedly
under identical conditions
Accuracy
Vs Precision
They are independent, e.g., an inaccurate result can be
extremely precise
The relation between accuracy and precision can be
easily illustrated by its analogy to shooting at a target or
‘dartboard’
Accurate
and
Precise
Accurate but not Precise
Inaccurate but Precise
Both inaccurate and imprecise
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Amylase is an essential enzyme found in saliva, pancreatic juice, and plants that aids in the breakdown of starch into sugars. This article explores the sources, physiological actions, and diagnostic uses of amylase in clinical practice, focusing on conditions such as acute pancreatitis. It also delves into the comparison between serum amylase and lipase levels for diagnosing acute pancreatitis, highlighting the importance of interpreting elevated amylase levels in the context of various medical conditions beyond pancreatic diseases.
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Presentation Transcript
Malabsorption Analysis of Serum Amylase
Q.1 What is amylase, and what are its sources in human body? Answer: Amylase are group of proteins found in saliva, pancreatic juice and parts of plants; they help to convert starch into sugar
Q. 2 What is the physiological action of amylase? Answer: Amylase hydrolyzes (breakdown) the dietary starch and glycogen into: - Short, branched oligosaccharides (e.g. maltotriose) - Disaccharides (maltose and iso-maltose).
Q. 3 Would you expect a high level of amylase in blood under a normal condition? Answer: No
Q. 4 a: What are the uses of amylase measurement in clinical practice? Answer: Acute Pancreatitis that can be measured in this clinical condition? Answer: Serum lipase Q. 4 b: What other diagnostic marker
Serum amylase vs. lipase for acute pancreatitis Serum amylase Serum Lipase Levels start rising 2-12 hrs 4-8 hrs Levels peak 12-72 hrs 24 hrs Levels return to normal One week 8-14 days Normal range: adults < 60yrs 25-125 IU/L 10-140IU/L Adults > 60 yrs 24-151 IU/L 18-181 IU/L Values more than three times the normal range along with the clinical picture is considered positive for acute pancreatitis. Even though the specificity and sensitivity of serum amylase are lower than those of serum lipase, serum amylase is widely used for diagnosing pancreatitis because it is relatively inexpensive.
Q. 4 c:If a patient has an elevated amylase levels, does this always mean that he has a pancreatic condition? Answer: No, Amylase levels may also be significantly increased in patients having conditions other than pancreatic disease. Example: Gallbladder diseases Acute appendicitis Intestinal obstruction Perforated intestinal ulcer
Q. 5 Changes in serum amylase activity during course of an injury (time course) Amylase activity (U/L) 1200 1000 Amylase activity (U/L) 800 600 400 200 0 20min 40min 60min 120min 12hr 2days 3days 6days Time Amylase levels will be increasing over time, and will reach a peak within 12-72 hours. It will return to normal in few days (~ a week).
Q5-a What are the possible factors responsible for these changes in the curve? Answer: Why does amylase level increase? Acute pancreatitis damage of the exocrine part of the pancreas release of the pancreatic enzymes into the circulation ( -Amylase is one of the pancreatic enzymes released). Why does it decrease? 1. The condition is self-limited 2. The circulating amylase will be excreted in urine 3. The circulating amylase will be degraded (protein turnover)
Q5-bWith knowledge about amylase activity overtime, what is the clinical application? Answer:Three points can be derived from such a curve: 1. Measurement of -amylase in the serum is limited by the time elapsed since the initiation of acute inflammation of the pancreas. If the patient presented late, and the condition was self limited, the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis based on the enzyme level at time of presentation could be missed. 2. The measurement of -amylase in serum should not be interpreted on its own; it has to be evaluated in association with the clinical picture (e.g. the nature of abdominal pain). 3. The rising trend of the levels of serum -amylase as the acute inflammation is taking place is more clinically significant than one single high reading.
SOURCES OF VARIATION IN TEST RESULTS For adequate interpretation of laboratory test results, you have to completely understand different reasons for variation in test results: Analytical factors: e.g., accuracy (reliability) and precision (reproducibility) Biological factors: e.g., sex, age, diet, drugs .. Pathological factors: e.g., progression of the disease, complications
Accuracy The reliability of the method in determining the true value of the analyte The extent to which the mean measurement is close to the true value It is useful for comparison of original, gold standard method with other methods
Precision The reproducibility of the method when it is run repeatedlyunder identical conditions
AccuracyVs Precision They are independent, e.g., an inaccurate result can be extremely precise The relation between accuracy and precision can be easily illustrated by its analogy to shooting at a target or dartboard
AccurateandPrecise X X X
Accurate but not Precise X X X
Measurement of Serum Amylase 1mL substrate 20uL serum sample 1 2 3 Mix Reaction Tube Note time of start of reaction 4 5 6 Take 3 minute reading (A2) at 405nm Take 1 minute reading (A1) at 405nm Transfer(Pour) to cuvette
Calculation & Interpretation A = A (3 Minutes) A (1 Minute) 3 Serum Amylase (U/L) = 4712 A Results: . U/L Normal reference values: Serum: up to 125 U/L (at room temperature) Normal range 25-125 U/L
