Advances in Target Manufacturing for Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments

Target manufacturing for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments is a crucial focus area, with recent advancements highlighting the need for precision and detail in target design and fabrication. The presentation at the 41st Annual Fusion Power Associates Meeting emphasized the importance of matching advances in ICF drivers, simulations, and diagnostics with improvements in target manufacture and metrology. The research delves into topics such as shell-by-shell metrology, defect-specific analysis, and the growing significance of target data for enhancing physics understanding. Notably, efforts are being made to enhance the quality and complexity of targets for both indirect and direct drive applications, with a specific focus on MagLIF targets and additive manufacturing techniques. The objective is to assemble intricate three-dimensional targets that meet stringent criteria for surface roughness, wall homogeneity, composition, and detailing imperfections, ultimately aiming for enhanced performance in ICF experiments.

• Target Manufacturing
• Inertial Confinement Fusion
• Metrology
• Additive Manufacturing
• ICF Experiments

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1. Targets, at the Center of ICF Experiments and Research Presented at 41ST ANNUAL FUSION POWER ASSOCIATES MEETING Virtual/Remote Meeting HDC Be By Mike Farrell Inertial Fusion Technology Division CH Cr/W W/Be December 16-17, 2020 Be 1 IFT\P2020-022

2. Advances in ICF Drivers, Simulations, & Diagnostics Need to be Matched by Advances in Targets Manufacture and Metrology Focus is on the target Recent advances for indirect drive The increasingly complex direct drive capsule Applying knowhow to MagLIF targets Additive manufacturing for smaller facilities Rep-rated research efforts ~15,000 targets for experiments at 2 IFT\P2020-022

3. After Recent Facility and Diagnostic Improvements Focus is Now on the Target Nowdays the focus is on the target sorry! 2020 JASON & APS DPP talks spoke to observed and simulated target related concerns Instability seeds & growth Edwards (LLNL): JASON Summer talk Shell spherical variations Casey (LLNL): APS talk Engineered features LANL: Invited APS talk 3 IFT\P2020-022

4. Target Metrology is Providing Increasingly Detailed Information Shell-by-Shell (Thereby informing both the simulations as well as the fabrication process) Multiple Perspectives Defect specific Location within shell wall 3D position Shell Wall # of Defects Volume, Type, Composition Global Location Local Location 4 IFT\P2020-022

5. Assembling a Tiny Three Dimensional Puzzle Spherical figure Surface roughness Thickness variation Wall homogeneity Composition Voids Inclusions Known orientation at shot time The Objective The Metrology Spherical (3D) TARGET DATA is increasingly important to physics understanding Correlating data with fiducials enables known positioning of shell imperfections 5 IFT\P2020-022

6. Research into Amorphous Ablator Materials is occurring at GA & LLNL (Eliminate crystalline microstructure inherent High Density Carbon & Be shells) Planar DLC coating R&D Proof-of-principle DLC/GDP shell Prototype rotating apparatus constructed for DLC capsule fab Commercially available stationary coating Rotating Hollow Cathode coating apparatus developed for shells ~undesirable quality, but demonstrates feasibility IFT\P2020-022 * Amorphous Carbon = sp3 phase = Diamond-Like-Carbon (DLC) 6

7. Other R&D Supporting Laser Indirect Drive Additive Manufacturing for Selected Applications Gradient Density Metal Shells (Improving feature size) (Avoid glues by printing directly on objects) 2019 80X 2020 Double Shell cushion CPC cone based MeV & Gamma Backlighters 7 IFT\P2020-022

8. Using Larger, Shimmed and Soon-to-be Foam Covered Shells on NIF for Laser Direct Drive ICF and Neutron Sources ~5.0 mm Be ~1-2 m shimming the shell wall (correcting sym. for NIF s polar config.) Shell Thickness as a function of angle ~5.0 mm CH ~2.0 mm ~0.9 mm Scaling Shells (Increased fuel load; Triple Shell scale) Exterior Conformal CH Foam Coating s (~15 mg/cc) (Laser Imprint mitigation, Double Shell cushion) 8 IFT\P2020-022

9. Applying Target Fab and Metrology Knowhow to Novel Cylindrical & Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) Targets Improving Characterization (Implosion Simulation & Stability) Auto Magnetizing Target (Improved B-field application) Cryogenic Gas Cells (Laser Pre-Heat) 9 IFT\P2020-022

10. Increasing Use of Additively Manufactured Targets thru LaserNetUS (Enabling efficient design variation studies) Focusing cone design variations Gradient Density Foam Microtubes: probing ion generation 10 IFT\P2020-022

11. Developing a Facility to Support Control systems, Target fielding, and Diagnostics Research GALADRIEL: GA LAboratory for Developing Rep-rated Instrumentation and Experiments with Lasers: Anticipate future needs as HED research on rep-rate facilities (~0.1-10Hz) Apply MFE knowhow: a) managing large data sets 2) active feedback control 11 IFT\P2020-022

12. Developing Rep-rated Target System(s) Using GALADRIEL Develop a liquid-leaf system to continuously create thin (<1?m) films for proton generation Test designs for proton production Demo robust ~MeV-proton generation Rep-rated spectroscopy, beam monitoring ~ps imaging of laser-liquid interaction Fast-analysis tools & feedback to laser system Liquid-leaf Apparatus Morrison et al, NJP 20 (2018) 12 IFT\P2020-022

13. In Conclusion Focus is turning to the target HDC Advances in drivers, simulations, and diagnostics need to be matched by advances in target fabrication, target metrology, and final assembly Be CH A Partner in Science-Based Stockpile Stewardship and ICF Research for Three Decades Cr/W W/Be Be 13 IFT\P2020-022