A Presentation on Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction
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A Presentation on Atmosphere-Ocean
Interaction
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•
Water covers nearly ¾ of the earth’s
surface
•
More than 50% of the world’s
population lives within an hour of the
coast
•
Plays a role in both climate and day-to-
day weather
•
FOOD!
–
Cost of your food could depend on it
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“Defined” in 2000
“Defined” in 2000
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Delineated by land masses
Delineated by land masses
–
Doesn’t matter if they’re largely enclosed
Doesn’t matter if they’re largely enclosed
•
Also “communicate” with the ocean
Also “communicate” with the ocean
Black Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Africa
Africa
Europe
Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Mexico
United States
Mexico
Mexico
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•
“Run-of-the-mill” concentration?
–
3.5 grams/liter
•
Like weather, there are areas of
–
HIGH salinity
–
LOW salinity
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Really a large lake
Really a large lake
•
Water gets in, but not
Water gets in, but not
out!
out!
–
Fed by River Jordan
Fed by River Jordan
–
Evaporation only way
Evaporation only way
out
out
•
Has nearly 10 times the
Has nearly 10 times the
salinity of the oceans!
salinity of the oceans!
–
Leads to increased
Leads to increased
density
density
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The increased
The increased
density means
density means
just about
just about
anything
anything
will float!
will float!
We can see this through the use of eggs!
We can see this through the use of eggs!
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“Sunlight Zone”
“Sunlight Zone”
–
Most solar heating
Most solar heating
–
Lots of temperature
Lots of temperature
change
change
•
Surface to 200m
Surface to 200m
•
Influenced by
Influenced by
wind
wind
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A transition layer
A transition layer
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Temperature
Temperature
decreases rapidly
decreases rapidly
•
Relevance to you?
Relevance to you?
–
Higher bass
Higher bass
concentrations
concentrations
(oxygen is just right)
(oxygen is just right)
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“Twilight Zone”
“Twilight Zone”
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Most temperature
Most temperature
change near top of
change near top of
layer
layer
•
Between 200 and
Between 200 and
1000m
1000m
•
Animal
Animal
characteristics
characteristics
begin to change
begin to change
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“Midnight Zone”
“Midnight Zone”
–
No light
No light
at all
at all
–
Only light comes
Only light comes
from animals
from animals
•
Very little
Very little
temperature
temperature
change
change
•
Pressure reaches
Pressure reaches
over 5800 p.s.i.
over 5800 p.s.i.
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“The Abyss”
“The Abyss”
–
Greek word
Greek word
meaning “no
meaning “no
bottom”
bottom”
•
Between 4000
Between 4000
and 6000m
and 6000m
•
Water
Water
temperature near
temperature near
freezing
freezing
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“The Trenches”
“The Trenches”
•
Anything below
Anything below
6000m
6000m
•
Worth repeating:
Worth repeating:
–
Deepest trench is
Deepest trench is
the Mariana Trench
the Mariana Trench
–
“Weight”: >8 t.s.i.
“Weight”: >8 t.s.i.
•
Life still exists
Life still exists
here!
here!
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•
“Driving Force”
“Driving Force”
•
Solar radiation
Solar radiation
affects the ocean
affects the ocean
differently
differently
–
•
Ultimate cause of
Ultimate cause of
wind
wind
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•
Two types:
Two types:
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Wind-driven Currents
Wind-driven Currents
–
Deep Water Currents
Deep Water Currents
•
40% of the global heat transport
40% of the global heat transport
•
Move slower than surface winds
Move slower than surface winds
–
Kilometers per day vs. kilometers per hour
Kilometers per day vs. kilometers per hour
•
Long-term climate impacts
Long-term climate impacts
–
Gulf Stream most important in our region
Gulf Stream most important in our region
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Oceans near
Oceans near
equator “heat up”
equator “heat up”
more than the poles
more than the poles
•
Sets up…
Sets up…
–
Temperature
Temperature
imbalance
imbalance
–
Semi-permanent
Semi-permanent
pressure areas
pressure areas
–
Constant push of
Constant push of
wind on water
wind on water
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•
Beach heats faster
Beach heats faster
than ocean
than ocean
•
Air rises onshore
Air rises onshore
•
Slightly cooler,
Slightly cooler,
denser air moves
denser air moves
onshore to replace
onshore to replace
the “lost” air
the “lost” air
•
Results:
Results:
–
Onshore breeze
Onshore breeze
–
Possible storm
Possible storm
development
development
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•
Beach cools faster
Beach cools faster
than ocean
than ocean
•
Air rises offshore
Air rises offshore
•
Slightly cooler,
Slightly cooler,
denser air moves
denser air moves
offshore to replace
offshore to replace
the “lost” air
the “lost” air
•
Results:
Results:
–
Offshore breeze
Offshore breeze
–
Possible storm
Possible storm
development
development
W
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•
Another byproduct of wind
Another byproduct of wind
•
Size depends on
Size depends on
THREE
THREE
things:
things:
–
Speed
Speed
–
Duration
Duration
–
Distance
Distance
•
Longer the wave, the faster it moves
Longer the wave, the faster it moves
•
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You can estimate the wind speed using
You can estimate the wind speed using
the size of waves
the size of waves
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Tides are another
Tides are another
type of wave action
type of wave action
•
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:
:
–
A change in the
A change in the
ocean water level,
ocean water level,
which results from
which results from
the gravitational pull
the gravitational pull
of the moon
of the moon
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•
Why the moon?
Why the moon?
–
Sun’s gravitational
Sun’s gravitational
pull is greater
pull is greater
–
But the moon is
But the moon is
closer
closer
•
Mariners have
Mariners have
known for a long
known for a long
time that tides were
time that tides were
related to the moon
related to the moon
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•
Famous dead
Famous dead
people who have
people who have
studied tidal motion:
studied tidal motion:
–
Galileo
Galileo
–
Descartes
Descartes
–
Newton
Newton
–
Laplace
Laplace
–
Lord Kelvin
Lord Kelvin
–
Kepler
Kepler
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•
Number of tides per day related to…
Number of tides per day related to…
–
Shape of the coastline
Shape of the coastline
–
Sea floor elevation
Sea floor elevation
•
Some places have one high/low tide
Some places have one high/low tide
cycle
cycle
–
Called a
Called a
diurnal tide
diurnal tide
–
Examples:
Examples:
•
Lake Charles, LA
Lake Charles, LA
•
Gulfport, MS
Gulfport, MS
•
Gulf Shores, AL
Gulf Shores, AL
•
Pensacola, FL
Pensacola, FL
T
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•
Number of tides per day related to…
Number of tides per day related to…
–
Shape of the coastline
Shape of the coastline
–
Sea floor elevation
Sea floor elevation
•
Other places have two high/low tide
Other places have two high/low tide
cycles
cycles
–
Called a
Called a
semi-diurnal tide
semi-diurnal tide
–
Examples:
Examples:
•
Galveston, TX
Galveston, TX
•
Apalachicola, FL
Apalachicola, FL
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N
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”
•
Occur when the pull
Occur when the pull
of the moon and
of the moon and
sun partially cancel
sun partially cancel
each other
each other
•
RESULT:
RESULT:
–
Very little change
Very little change
between high and
between high and
low tides
low tides
S
p
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g
i
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g
O
n
w
a
r
d
…
•
Occurs when the
Occurs when the
pull of the sun and
pull of the sun and
moon act together
moon act together
•
RESULT:
RESULT:
–
Greater than normal
Greater than normal
tidal range
tidal range
experienced
experienced
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…
•
Normally…
Normally…
–
Warm waters over
Warm waters over
Central Pacific
Central Pacific
–
Cooler waters off
Cooler waters off
Peruvian coast
Peruvian coast
•
Colder, nutrient-rich
Colder, nutrient-rich
waters pulled up
waters pulled up
from western coast
from western coast
of South America
of South America
A
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
C
o
s
t
o
f
Y
o
u
r
F
o
o
d
…
•
El Nino:
El Nino:
–
Equatorial
Equatorial
Countercurrent
Countercurrent
strengthens
strengthens
–
Nutrient-rich water
Nutrient-rich water
supply lessens
supply lessens
•
RESULT:
RESULT:
–
Waters warm off
Waters warm off
Peruvian Coast
Peruvian Coast
A
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
C
o
s
t
o
f
Y
o
u
r
F
o
o
d
…
•
La Nina:
La Nina:
–
Weaker Equatorial
Weaker Equatorial
Countercurrent
Countercurrent
–
Nutrient-rich water
Nutrient-rich water
supply increases
supply increases
•
RESULT:
RESULT:
–
Warm waters “pile
Warm waters “pile
up” in the western
up” in the western
Pacific
Pacific
W
h
a
t
D
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e
s
T
h
i
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a
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r
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n
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–
–
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–
–
S
o
?
?
?
•
A lot of fishing takes place off the coast
A lot of fishing takes place off the coast
of Peru
of Peru
•
Anchovy fish thrive in the nutrient-rich
Anchovy fish thrive in the nutrient-rich
waters of this area
waters of this area
•
Anchovies are caught and used to
Anchovies are caught and used to
make chicken feed
make chicken feed
S
o
?
?
?
•
D
D
u
u
r
r
i
i
n
n
g
g
b
b
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g
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l
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n
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o
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v
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n
n
t
t
s
s
:
:
–
Waters are not full as nutrients
Waters are not full as nutrients
–
Not as many anchovies
Not as many anchovies
–
Cost of chicken feed increases
Cost of chicken feed increases
–
Therefore, the cost of chicken increases
Therefore, the cost of chicken increases
T
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:
:
Texas A&M University Oceanography Department
Texas A&M University Oceanography Department
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NWS Southern Region Jetstream Program
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Texas A&M University Oceanography Department
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NWS Southern Region Jetstream Program
NWS Southern Region Jetstream Program
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Water covers 71% of the earth\\\\u2019s surface and contains 97% of the earth\\\\u2019s water. 60% of the world\\\\u2019s population live within 60 miles of the coast. This means that a significant amount of the earth\\\\u2019s population uses the oceans and other large bodies of water for recreational (e.g., swimming, fishing) and commercial (e.g., transportation, fishing, etc.) purposes
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The Oceans A Presentation on Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction Presented by: National Weather Service Shreveport, LA
Why study major bodies of water? Water covers nearly of the earth s surface More than 50% of the world s population lives within an hour of the coast Plays a role in both climate and day-to- day weather FOOD! Cost of your food could depend on it
The Basics There are FOUR oceans ATLANTIC PACIFIC INDIAN SOUTHERN
Around the World in 4 Slides Arctic Sea Mediterranean Sea Gulf of Mexico Caribbean Sea Begins at 60 S
Around the World in 4 Slides Bering Sea Gulf of Alaska Sea of Japan Begins at 60 S
Around the World in 4 Slides Persian Gulf Red Sea Arabian Sea Begins at 60 S
Around the World in 4 Slides NEW! NEW! Defined in 2000 Begins at 60 S NEW!
Ocean or Sea, Whats the Big Deal? SEAS Delineated by land masses Doesn t matter if they re largely enclosed Also communicate with the ocean Europe Strait of Gibralter United States Black Sea Gulf of Mexico Mediterranean Sea Africa Mexico
Bragging Rights Which ocean is the biggest? OCEAN SURFACE AREA [km2] OF ALL OCEANS Atlantic 90,818,000 27.1% Indian 68,556,000 20.4% Pacific 155,557,000 46.4% Southern 20,327,000 6.1%
Bragging Rights Which ocean has the most coastline? OCEAN COASTLINE LENGTH [km] Atlantic 111,866 Indian 66,526 Pacific 135,663 Southern 17,968
Water is Wateror is it?! FRESHWATER Rivers Streams Lakes SALTWATER Oceans Gulfs Seas But wait, there's more!
Water is Wateror is it?! QUESTION: Is saltwater the same everywhere? ANSWER: Nope. In general, the Atlantic Ocean is the saltiest.
Please Pass the Salt Run-of-the-mill concentration? 3.5 grams/liter Like weather, there are areas of HIGH salinity LOW salinity So, where are these highs and lows ?
Please Pass the Salt L H H H L H H L
MmmmmSalty! DEAD SEA FACTS: Really a large lake Water gets in, but not out! Fed by River Jordan Evaporation only way out Has nearly 10 times the salinity of the oceans! Leads to increased density CAPT. OBVIOUS SAYS: Dead Sea was named because it had no life!
So?? The increased density means just about anything will float! We can see this through the use of eggs!
Were Goin Down, Down, Down Just like the atmosphere, the ocean has layers!
The Epipelagic Zone Sunlight Zone Most solar heating Lots of temperature change Surface to 200m Influenced by wind
Bridge Over Troubled Waters A transition layer Temperature decreases rapidly Relevance to you? Higher bass concentrations (oxygen is just right)
The Mesopelagic Zone Twilight Zone Most temperature change near top of layer Between 200 and 1000m Animal characteristics begin to change
The Bathypelagic Zone Midnight Zone No light at all Only light comes from animals Very little temperature change Pressure reaches over 5800 p.s.i.
The Abyssopelagic Zone The Abyss Greek word meaning no bottom Between 4000 and 6000m Water temperature near freezing
The Hadalpelagic Zone The Trenches Anything below 6000m Worth repeating: Deepest trench is the Mariana Trench Weight : >8 t.s.i. Life still exists here! That s TONS per square inch!
Our Mr. Sun Driving Force Solar radiation affects the ocean differently More on this later Ultimate cause of wind
Ocean Currents Just the Facts Two types: Wind-driven Currents Deep Water Currents 40% of the global heat transport Move slower than surface winds Kilometers per day vs. kilometers per hour Long-term climate impacts Gulf Stream most important in our region
Ocean Currents -- Development Oceans near equator heat up more than the poles Sets up Temperature imbalance Semi-permanent pressure areas Constant push of wind on water
Dust in the Wind During the Day Beach heats faster than ocean Air rises onshore Slightly cooler, denser air moves onshore to replace the lost air Results: Onshore breeze Possible storm development
Dust in the Wind At Night Beach cools faster than ocean Air rises offshore Slightly cooler, denser air moves offshore to replace the lost air Results: Offshore breeze Possible storm development
Wave Action Another byproduct of wind Size depends on THREE things: Speed Duration Distance Longer the wave, the faster it moves Here s a cool fact: You can estimate the wind speed using the size of waves
Battle of the Bulge Tides are another type of wave action Definition: A change in the ocean water level, which results from the gravitational pull of the moon
POP QUIZ Where are the largest ranges from high to low tide in the world?
Battle of the Bulge Why the moon? Sun s gravitational pull is greater But the moon is closer Mariners have known for a long time that tides were related to the moon
Battle of the Bulge Famous dead people who have studied tidal motion: Galileo Descartes Newton Laplace Lord Kelvin Kepler
POP QUIZ Where are the largest ranges from high to low tide in the world? Have an answer yet? HINT: It s in North America
Two tides? Four tides? Number of tides per day related to Shape of the coastline Sea floor elevation Some places have one high/low tide cycle Called a diurnal tide Examples: Lake Charles, LA Gulfport, MS Gulf Shores, AL Pensacola, FL
Two tides? Four tides? Number of tides per day related to Shape of the coastline Sea floor elevation Other places have two high/low tide cycles Called a semi-diurnal tide Examples: Galveston, TX Apalachicola, FL
Largest Tidal Range in the World Bay of Fundy! High Tide Low Tide
The Knights Who Say Neap Occur when the pull of the moon and sun partially cancel each other RESULT: Very little change between high and low tides
Springing Onward Occurs when the pull of the sun and moon act together RESULT: Greater than normal tidal range experienced
About the Cost of Your Food Normally Warm waters over Central Pacific Cooler waters off Peruvian coast Colder, nutrient-rich waters pulled up from western coast of South America
About the Cost of Your Food El Nino: Equatorial Countercurrent strengthens Nutrient-rich water supply lessens RESULT: Waters warm off Peruvian Coast
About the Cost of Your Food La Nina: Weaker Equatorial Countercurrent Nutrient-rich water supply increases RESULT: Warm waters pile up in the western Pacific
What Does This Mean Weatherwise? For El Nino Events
What Does This Mean Weatherwise? For La Nina Events
So??? A lot of fishing takes place off the coast of Peru Anchovy fish thrive in the nutrient-rich waters of this area Anchovies are caught and used to make chicken feed But I don't like anchovies on
So??? During big El Nino events: Waters are not full as nutrients Not as many anchovies Cost of chicken feed increases Therefore, the cost of chicken increases
Thank You!!! Douglas Butts Senior Forecaster WFO Shreveport 5655 Hollywood Ave. Shreveport, LA 71109 318.631.3669
