Biofertilizers: Multiplication, Types, Advantages, and Applications
Biofertilizers play a crucial role in agriculture by harnessing live microbes to enhance soil fertility. They fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, and decompose organic wastes. Various types of biofertilizers exist, including carrier-based and liquid forms, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Major benefits of biofertilizers include cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and soil health improvement. Liquid biofertilizers, in particular, offer longer shelf life, higher cell count, and ease of application, making them a popular choice for farmers.
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MASS MULTIPLICATION AND INOCULUM PRODUCTION OF BIOFERTILIZERS
Biofertilizers Live microbes Naturally present- less in number Multiplied in laboratory How they act as fertilizers? Fix- atmospheric nitrogen, Solubalize - phosphorus Decompose organic wastes
TYPES OF BIOFERTILIZERS: Types of biofertilizers Microorganisms Azolla, Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium Azospirillum Azotobacter, Blue Green algae, Acetobacter, Anabena Penicillium sp, Aspergillus awamori Bacillus megaterium , B. subtilis, B. Polymixa, Pseudomonas striata Nitrogen Symbiotic Fixers Non symbiotic Phosphate Fungi solubilisers Bacteria Actinomycetes Glomus sp.,Gigospora sp., Acaulospora sp., Scutellospora sp, Sclerocystis sp. Phosphate Symbiotic- mobilisers Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) Bacillus mucilaginosus , Fraturia aurantia Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp. Potassium solubilizers Silicate and zinc solubilizers Pseudomonas fluorescens Cellulotytic (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma) and lignolytic PGPR Compost making microorganisms
Advantages of biofertilizers: Less expensive and eco friendly Component of INM - Supplement 25-30% chemical fertilizers (N,P) Helps solubilizion of minerals - increases C/N ratio - soil texture, structure Activate the soil biologically - increases the beneficial microorganisms - in turn increasing natural fertility of soils. Provides tolerance to biotic (soil borne ) and abiotic stresses Provides growth promotion- harmones and enzymes
Major types of biofertilizers 1.Carrier based biofertilizers: Carrier material -- peat, lignite, charcoal etc. Advantages: Cheaper, cost effective than liquid biofertilizers. Easier to produce Investment cost is low than liquid formulations. Disadvantages: Shelf life is low. Temperature sensitive. More chances of contamination . Low cell count. Less effective.
Liquid biofertilizers: No carrier material Bacterial broth mixed with cell protectants - bottled. Advantages: Longer shelf life than the carrier based biofertilizers. Easier to produce. Temperature tolerant. High cell count when compared to the solid biofertilizers. Contamination free. More effective. Disadvantages: High cost Higher investment
BENEFITS OF LIQUID BIOFERTILIZERS More shelf life. One ml of biofertilizer contains > 108 cells end of expiry date. With zero contamination. Easy to apply for larger areas - through drip irrigation Easy establishment in the crop root zone. Tolerant to high soil temperatures and other stress conditions. Ensures proper delivery of biofertilizer near the root zone. Enhances crop growth and yield. In organic farming, one of the major inputs for sustainable crop yields
Production technology It involves 3 steps:- a) Isolation and identification - appropriate strains of targeted organisms Colonization, Competition, sustain for longer time b) Multiplication of microbial biomass. c) Impregnation of carrier - fully grown microbial broth or immobilization of grown cells to obtain liquid formulations
Carrier based Biofertilizer Production Purification Supply to farmers Serial dilution Mother culture Packing Fermentation for Large scale production Mixing with Talcum/Lignite/Peat Multiplication of Biofertilizers on shaker Rhizosphere soil/Nodules Broth culture Quality analysis
Liquid Biofertilizers Production Purification Supply to farmers Serial dilution Mother culture Fermentation for Large scale production Packing Multiplication of Biofertilizers on shaker Broth culture Rhizosphere soil/Nodules Quality analysis
Biofertilizer efficiency depends on Near neutral reaction Moisture Carbon content Other essential nutrients essential for sustinance and growth Azotobacter sp poor competitor for nutrients in soil. Sensitive to acidic pH, high salts, temperature > 35oC. Fixes 30 kg of N/ha- where organic carbon 1000 kg
How to increase biofertilizers efficiency? Seed treatment - Rhizobium + PSB (1:1) Rhizobium spp 200g +200g PSB+400ml water. In acidic and alkaline soils-1kg of slacked lime or gypsum powder respectively - coat - wet biofertilizer treated seeds Low pH soils (4.78-5.56) -Lime amelioration - @ 500kg/ha + 10 tons FYM/ ha Acidic soils deficient in sulphur- addition of gypsum with biofertilizers (sulphur - source) increased yield
What type of biofertilizers to apply? For all nonlegume crops Wheat, rice, maize, bajra, oats, barley, mustard, sesame, niger, onion, potato, sugarcane, cotton, vegetables, fodder crops. Plantation crops (banana, citrus, pomegranate, coconut, coffee, tea, rubber, mulberry) In light textured soils- sandy loam, loam or sandy type low moisture holding capacity Azotobacter + PSB (1:1) In heavy textured soils clay loam or clay type submerged or waterlogged soils Azospirilium + PSB (1:1) In medium loam with moderate moisture holding capacity, pH more acidic Azotobacter + Azospirillum + PSB (1:1:2)
CROP DOSE Pulse crops like moong, urad, arhar, Rhizobium 200 gms + cowpea, lentil, pea, bengal gram, all PSB 200 gms/10 kg beans, ground nut, soybean, leucern, seed - seed treatment berseem and other legume crops All non legume crops like wheat, Azotobacter 200 gms seed sown upland paddy, barley, + PSB 200 gms/10 kg maize, cotton, sorghum, bhindi, seed - seed treatment mustard, sunflower, niger etc. and other non legume crops taken by direct seed sowing
CROP DOSE Jute Azospirillum 200 g + PSB 200 g /10 kg of seed as seed treatment. Azotobacter 1kg + PSB 1 kg/ one Vegetables like tomato, brinjal, chilli, cauliflower, acre as seeding root cabbage etc. and other dip method. transplanted crops. Lowland transplanted Azospirillum 2kg + PSB 2kg / one paddy. acre as seeding root dip method for 8-12 hours.
CROP DOSE Potato, ginger, Azotobacter or Azospirillum 4 kg + PSB colocassia, turmeric 4 kg/acre mixed with 100 200 kg and jhum paddy Standing plantation compost - soil application 2 - 3 kg Azotobacter/Azospirillum + crops like tea, coffee, 2-3 kg PSB mixed with 200 kg rubber, mulberry Compost for one acre and applied and fruit trees. as soil treatment. This treatment is to be done 2 to 3 times a year with a gap of 4- 6 months 5 kg Acetobacter mixed in sufficient Sugarcane water for setts dipping treatment
Liquid biofertilizers - Methods of application Seed Treatment: For one Kg of the seed, 5-6 ml+ 10% starch solution or 10% jaggery solution/kg seed - dry for 10 minutes before sowing. Seedling Dip (Azopsirillum only): Azospirillum 250 ml/70 lt of water -10 minutes before transplanting (most widely applicable for all nursery raised crops). Soil Application: 250 ml +10-15 lts water/200kg FYM or vermicompost or any other compost/ac - incubate for 24 hrs at the time of sowing/transplantation/before the first inter-cultural operation. Immediately after application of biofertilizers light irrigation is always preferable. Through drip system: 250-300 ml /ac in drip tank within 10-15 days of sowing/ transplantation
