Purulent diseases of serous cavities, specifically purulent pleurisy and empyema pleurae, are marked by the secondary nature of inflammation in the parietal and visceral pleura. The classification details the etiology and clinical variations, while the pathogenesis explains the development from vari

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Abdominal pain evaluation involves considering various differential diagnoses such as appendicitis, small bowel obstruction, and mesenteric ischemia. By categorizing pain as visceral, parietal, referred, or radiating, healthcare providers can better understand the underlying pathology. The history o

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Fractures can lead to a variety of complications, both locally and generally. General complications include shock, embolisms, crush syndrome, and more. Local complications can involve visceral, vascular, nerve injuries, compartment syndrome, infections, and more. Late complications may result in del

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Osteology is the study of anatomical structures such as bones, cartilages, and the skeleton that support and protect the body. It includes the classification of bones based on shape and function, details on bones of the thoracic and pelvic limbs, and the divisions of the skeleton into axial, appendi

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The peritoneum, a vital membrane in the body's abdominal cavity, consists of visceral and parietal components with distinct pain perceptions. It plays crucial roles in lubrication, fluid absorption, immune responses, and more. Peritoneal inflammatory exudate can result from various causes such as ba

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Gout in birds is a form of inflammatory arthritis caused by abnormal uric acid accumulation. It can affect both visceral and articular tissues, leading to various clinical findings such as nodules, polyuria, and anemia. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, and imaging. Treatment focuses o

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Jaw suspension in vertebrates involves the attachment of the lower jaw to the upper jaw or skull for efficient biting and chewing. Different types of jaw suspensions exist, such as holostylic and autosystylic, each based on modifications in visceral arches. Holostylic suspension involves the lower j

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This content delves into the intricate mechanisms of pain perception, exploring the anterolateral system, nociceptors, endogenous analgesic systems, and more. It covers topics such as free nerve endings, VR1/Capsaicin receptors, referred pain, neuropathic pain, hyperalgesia, and visceral pain. The m

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Functional GI disorders encompass a range of conditions affecting the gastrointestinal system, such as irritable bowel syndrome and disorders of the gut-brain interaction. These disorders are characterized by no structural abnormalities but are influenced by factors like motility disturbance, viscer

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Explore the detailed anatomy of the female perineum and external genitalia, including boundaries, division into two triangles, structures, and functions. Learn about the perineal body, anococcygeal body, and the innervation, blood supply, and lymphatic drainage of the perineum. Enhance your knowledg

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Fractures can lead to a variety of complications, ranging from general issues like blood loss and shock to local problems such as nerve injury and joint stiffness. Early complications may include visceral or vascular injuries, requiring prompt medical attention. Proper diagnosis and treatment are cr

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Complications of fractures can be classified as general, local early, and late complications. General complications include shock, embolisms, and fever while local complications involve injuries to nearby tissues and infections. Early local complications can lead to visceral, vascular, nerve injurie

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Hemoflagellates are blood and tissue parasites belonging to the genera Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma spp. This article discusses their life cycle, pathogenicity, diseases they cause like visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, and diagnostic methods. Special focus is given to Leishmania donovani and

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Leishmaniasis, caused by obligate intracellular parasites transmitted through infected sandfly bites, has different forms including cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral. The life cycle involves promastigote and amastigote stages. Epidemiologically, it is a zoonosis with natural reservoirs and can

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Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania parasites transmitted through infected sand flies. It comes in three forms - cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral - each with distinct characteristics and treatment approaches. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin ulcers, mucocutaneous affec

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Discover the three main forms of Leishmaniassis caused by different species, the clinical types of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and the life cycle of Leishmania parasites. Learn about the transmission, manifestations, and types of this disease, including cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis.

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The nervous system is comprised of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS acts as the command center, interpreting sensory information and coordinating responses. The PNS conveys information to and from the CNS through somatic and visceral sensory neurons,

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Torsion is a key developmental process in gastropods, involving the rotation of the visceral mass, mantle, and shell. This rotation has significant effects on the positioning of organs and overall physiology in gastropods. The process of torsion is crucial during larval development, providing advant

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Peritoneum is a thin serous membrane covering the abdomen and pelvis, consisting of parietal and visceral layers with a peritoneal cavity between them. Learn about peritoneal relations, intraperitoneal versus retroperitoneal organs, and folds of peritoneum like ligaments and omenta in this detailed

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Pleura is a double-layered serous membrane surrounding the lungs, consisting of parietal and visceral layers. The pleural cavity between them contains pleural fluid. Parietal pleura is subdivided into cervical, costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic regions. The pleura has nerve supply that makes it

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The lungs, vital organs of the respiratory system, consist of two cone-shaped structures with apex, base, costal, and medial surfaces. Positioned in the thoracic cavity, they are associated with the heart, great vessels, and other structures in the mediastinum. The right lung has three lobes, while

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New outgrowths from the medial edges of the maxillary prominences form the shelves of the secondary palate. Fusion of these palatal shelves involves complex cellular changes, such as elevation after the withdrawal of the tongue and alterations in epithelium leading to adhesion and fusion. The fate o

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The cuttlefish, Sepia savignyi, features distinct external characteristics such as a conical visceral hump, eyes, arms with suckers, and tentacles used for capturing prey. On the other hand, the starfish, Astropecten relitaris, showcases a star-shaped body with tube feet for locomotion, pedicellaria

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Necrosis, perforation, and arterial compromise in acute appendicitis lead to lumen obstruction, increased luminal pressure, bacterial growth, and venous obstruction. Symptoms typically include periumbilical or epigastric pain due to visceral pain caused by lumen obstruction.

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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. Despite the absence of organic causes, patients experience symptoms such as abdominal distention, bloating, and visceral hypersensitivity. The pathophysiology of IBS

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This respiratory block introduces students to the anatomy, histology, muscles involved in respiration, embryology, radiological anatomy, and management of respiratory disorders. It covers topics like the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleura, bronchial tree, and mediastinum.

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