Anaemia can result from various causes such as blood loss, increased destruction of red blood cells, and impaired production, often linked to infections and chronic diseases. Parasites, bacteria, and viruses play a role in the progression of anaemia, affecting the body's ability to produce and utili

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Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections present a significant challenge in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). These infections are caused by over 200 species of atypical mycobacteria found in various environments. The CF-ID Clinic plays a crucial role in managing patients with multi-drug re

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This study estimates the burden of serious fungal infections in Indonesia, a country with rich biodiversity and limited medical mycology facilities. The data indicates a high prevalence of opportunistic infections in AIDS patients and TB cases, with Candidiasis and Cryptococcosis being significant c

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Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are a common issue, more prevalent in women, with causes ranging from poor hygiene to underlying health conditions. The content delves into the classification of UTIs, their main causes, and bacteria responsible for infections. It also covers the complications of UTIs

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Anaerobic bacterial infections are caused by bacteria that do not require oxygen for growth, posing challenges in diagnosis and treatment. This article delves into the types of anaerobic bacteria, their role in human infections, and common clinical presentations such as abscess formation. Gram-negat

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Genitourinary Tract Infections and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are common conditions affecting both men and women. This article, presented by Prof. Dr. Mete Kılcıler from the Department of Urology at Bahçeşehir University School of Medicine, delves into the various aspects of UTIs, in

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Understanding the distinction between viral and bacterial upper respiratory tract infections is crucial for effective management and treatment. This article discusses key differences in symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches to aid in accurate differentiation between the two types of

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Explore the world of fungi and fungal infections in this foundation block of microbiology. Learn about medically important yeasts, mold fungi, major fungal diseases, antifungal agents, and infection acquisition methods. Dive into hypersensitivity reactions, mycotoxicoses, and various types of fungal

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Female reproductive system infections such as Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), Vaginitis, Cervicitis, Endometritis, and Salpingitis can lead to various symptoms and complications. These conditions are caused by different factors including infections, bacterial imbalances, and sexually transmitted

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Food and water-borne diseases, caused by contaminated food or water, lead to acute illnesses. These diseases are classified into food-borne infections and food-borne intoxications. Food-borne infections, triggered by pathogenic microorganisms, can be fungal, bacterial, viral, or parasitic, with long

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Viral infections exhibit diverse cellular tropism based on receptor interactions, impacting cell function through modulation and potential host defense responses. Infections can lead to various outcomes, from cell death to persistent or latent states, with nuanced effects on cellular behavior. Diffe

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Explore the algorithms for identifying Salmonella and Shigella, their antigenic structures, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, and management concepts. Understand the characteristics, transmission, and prevention strategies for these gastrointestinal pathogens.

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Protozoal infections, such as amebiasis, are a significant concern globally. In underdeveloped regions and beyond, these infections pose challenges due to inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices. Antiamebic drugs are essential for treating conditions like amebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolyti

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Antifungal drugs target ergosterol biosynthesis in fungi, disrupting cell membrane integrity. Imidazoles like miconazole and ketoconazole are commonly used for skin infections, while triazoles such as fluconazole treat systemic yeast infections. Allylamines inhibit ergosterol synthesis, with terbina

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These infections are significant global health issues affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Hookworm infection, a leading cause of iron-deficiency anemia, is prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Risk factors include poor sanitation and walking barefoot on contaminated soil. The bio

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Salmonella, a genus of bacteria, includes species causing various diseases in humans, cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry. The pathogen can be transmitted through contaminated food and is classified into typhoidal and nontyphoidal serovars. Nontyphoidal serovars are common and typically lead to self-l

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Explore the various stages of wound infections on a continuum from contamination to systemic infection. Learn how to identify and manage each stage, from presence of microbes to invasion of surrounding tissues. Discover the subtle signs of local and spreading infections, and the serious implications

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Puerperal sepsis and infections are serious conditions affecting women postpartum. Puerperal sepsis is characterized by specific symptoms, while puerperal infections are more general. Prevention includes antenatal care, strict intrapartum hygiene practices, and timely interventions. By following gui

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Anthelmintics are essential drugs to combat parasitic worm infections in animals. They work either by killing (vermicide) or expelling (vermifuge) the worms, reducing worm burdens and controlling infections. This comprehensive overview covers different aspects of anthelmintics, including their prope

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Azole antifungal agents play a crucial role in treating fungal infections in veterinary medicine. Imidazoles like clotrimazole and triazoles like fluconazole are commonly used for their fungistatic properties. These agents inhibit fungal enzymes, disrupting membrane fluidity and inhibiting cell repl

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This lecture covers the classification of respiratory tract infections and the antibiotics commonly used to treat them. It highlights the types of infections caused by viruses and bacteria, along with their respective treatments. The mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics of antibiotics, such as p

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Urinary tract infections are common bacterial infections during pregnancy, with asymptomatic bacteriuria being prevalent. If left untreated, asymptomatic bacteriuria can lead to symptomatic infection, but proper treatment with antimicrobial agents can prevent complications. Treatment options include

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Infectious Diseases class focuses on various topics including Antibiotic Stewardship Practices, Community-Acquired Infections, Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria, Spirochetal Diseases, Diseases Caused by Bacterial and Viral Infections, HIV/AIDS, Fungal and Parasitic Infections. The class also

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Feco-oral diseases, primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, remain a significant global health concern, especially affecting children under 5 and the elderly. Diarrhea, characterized by WHO as three or more watery stools in 24 hours, poses a substantial burden, with infectious agents cau

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Health care-associated infections (HCAI), also known as nosocomial or hospital infections, are infections that occur in patients during their hospital stay or after discharge. These infections can result from various sources, including colonization by microorganisms and exposure to contaminated envi

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Salmonella bacteria, often transmitted through contaminated food or drink, can cause various infections in humans and animals. They are identified by their morphology, and classified into different species and subtypes. The pathogenesis of Salmonella infections varies, with some species infective pr

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Salmonellosis is a bacterial infection caused by various serotypes of the Salmonella bacteria. The disease is transmitted through contaminated food, direct contact with infected animals, or the fecal-oral route in endemic areas. Typhoidal Salmonella serovars can lead to serious conditions like enter

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In this comprehensive guide by Nenad Pandak, various aspects of eye, ear, nose, and throat infections are discussed. The content covers infections such as conjunctivitis, keratitis, pharyngitis, otitis media, and sinusitis. It also delves into causes, clinical presentations, and diagnosis of these i

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Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern, with evidence suggesting a link between antibiotic use in farm animals and resistant infections in humans. Explore a case study of a Salmonella outbreak in Denmark, where antibiotic treatment failed, leading to fatalities. Learn about the role of selection

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Fowl Typhoid is a septicemic disease affecting domestic birds, characterized by acute and chronic phases, enlarged spleen, bronzy colored liver, and diarrhea. It is caused by Salmonella gallinarum and primarily affects young and adult chickens. The disease has a short incubation period of 4-5 days,

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Fowl typhoid is a septicemic disease affecting domestic birds, characterized by acute and chronic phases, enlarged spleen, bronzy-colored liver, and diarrhea. It is caused by Salmonella gallinarum and is very lethal, with mortality reaching 75% in untreated flocks. The disease shares similarities wi

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Salmonella is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in food and can cause infections in humans. It belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family and has various subspecies with different characteristics and serovars. Understanding its nomenclature, growth characteristics, and commo

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Respiratory tract infections are commonly caused by viruses, bacteria, rickettsia, and fungi, leading to various health issues. These infections can be transmitted through droplets, droplet nuclei, and dust, emphasizing the importance of maintaining respiratory health through specific and non-specif

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Reactive arthritis, a rare disease associated with infections like Chlamydia, Salmonella, and Yersinia, presents with musculoskeletal features such as oligoarthritis, enthesitis, and dactylitis. Extraarticular manifestations include eye involvement and genitourinary symptoms. Diagnosis involves lab

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Respiratory viral infections are common and primarily caused by viruses, leading to morbidity and time off work. They can range from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe lower respiratory tract infections like pneumonia. Various viruses like influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncyti

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Explore the causes, types, and impact of infections in nursing home residents while learning how to prevent and control infections. Discover common infections, factors contributing to infections, and resident rights in infection control practices.

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Diabetic patients are prone to infections, significantly impacting morbidity and mortality rates. Increased infection risk is due to both host-related and organism-related factors. Common infections in diabetic patients include skin and soft tissue infections, diabetic foot infections, respiratory t

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This presentation covers the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) in healthcare settings. It highlights the significance of urinary tract infections, risk factors, preventive measures, and common microbiology involved. Key topics include the importance of urine collect

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Enterobacteriaceae is a bacterial family that includes Salmonella species. Typhoidal Salmonella, such as S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi, cause enteric fevers in human hosts. This user-friendly classification system categorizes Salmonella strains based on their clinical impact and host specificity.

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Reduce and prevent catheter-related bloodstream infections in vascular access by addressing extraluminal infection sources and implementing strategies outlined in national drivers such as the NHS Long Term Plan and the Antimicrobial Resistance Action Plan. Recognize the importance of tackling antimi

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