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Delve into the realm of planetary protection with this comprehensive primer tailored for thermal engineers by Betsy Pugel, PhD. Explore the intersection of thermal and planetary protection, flight project practicalities, and the crucial components of forward and backward contamination. Gain insights

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Radiobiology is the study of how ionizing radiation impacts living organisms. It involves direct and indirect effects on biological molecules, leading to the formation of free radicals that can cause cellular damage. The process includes the radiolysis of water, generation of hydrogen peroxide, and

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Explore the concept of polarity in molecules and its impact on interactions, learn about the environmental effects of oil spills, and understand methods used for oil spill cleanup. Discover how polar and nonpolar molecules behave differently and the challenges posed by oil spills on wildlife and eco

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The decadal strategy outlines a comprehensive plan for planetary science and astrobiology, emphasizing the integration of human exploration activities with scientific objectives. Key elements include leveraging planned human space missions for new scientific opportunities and identifying areas of pl

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Explore the challenges of addressing controversial topics in planetary science during public engagement, including misunderstandings about science and the nature of scientific inquiry. Discover solutions and engage in activities to enhance public understanding.

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Prof. Alberto Bolatto explores extragalactic research, Prof. Drake Deming studies extrasolar planets, Dr. Tony Farnham specializes in cometary studies, Lori Feaga maps cometary gas comae, Prof. Suvi Gezari investigates supermassive black holes, and Prof. Douglas Hamilton delves into planetary dynami

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Explore the world of molecules and molecular formulae, starting from the basic structure of atoms to bonding and predicting chemical formulae. Learn about valency, how atoms bond to form molecules, and how to predict chemical formulas for different elements. Discover the significance of electron con

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Dive into the world of molecular structures and smells in chemistry with a focus on distinguishing between molecules with the same formula but different properties. Understand the significance of structural formulas, recognize isomers, and predict the smells of new molecules based on their chemical

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Explore the world of atoms and molecules with a focus on distinguishing between them, understanding atomic structures through historic models like Bohr and Rutherford, and the modern atomic model. Discover how atoms form the basis of all matter and how they are organized within molecules.

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The Green Economy Progress (GEP) Measurement Framework, spearheaded by Fulai Sheng, a Senior Economist at UN Environment, emphasizes an Inclusive Green Economy (IGE) as a tool for sustainable development. It addresses poverty, inequitable prosperity sharing, and planetary boundary concerns by integr

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Exploring the physics of gases in planetary atmospheres, this lecture delves into the ideal gas law which relates pressure, density, and temperature in an atmosphere. It introduces the concept of kinetic temperature and Maxwellian distribution, showcasing how gas particles distribute in equilibrium.

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Participate in the SAASTA AstroQuiz 2017 Round 3 and test your planetary knowledge with a series of questions related to various celestial bodies. You have 60 seconds to answer each question. Use the provided image for reference and enjoy the space-themed quiz! Remember, no internet or cellphones al

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In organic chemistry, carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms, leading to molecular complexity and diversity. The versatile nature of carbon allows for the formation of various carbon skeletons, contributing to the vast array of organic compounds. Hydrocarbons, consist

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Hybrid powertrains utilize planetary gear trains to achieve different operating modes such as motor-alone, engine-alone, combined mode, and more. These gear trains consist of planetary gears orbiting around a central axis, enabling multiple shaft configurations for input and output. Understanding th

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This educational content delves into the concepts and principles of planetary health and climate change, exploring the interrelationships between ecosystems, animals, and human health. It highlights the far-reaching effects of human and animal interactions on the environment, emphasizing practical i

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Infrared spectroscopy plays a crucial role in studying planetary molecules like NH3, PH3, and CH3CN, aiding in planetary observations and spacecraft missions. Ground-based observatories and spacecraft like GALILEO and Cassini/Huygens provide valuable data for analyzing planetary spectra and modeling

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Internal rotation in molecules, such as the methyl group in acetaldehyde and methyl acetate, involves large amplitude motions hindered by potential barriers. Quantum energy levels split due to tunneling effects, impacting rotational and torsional energy levels. Theoretical models like the Rho Axis M

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MAPSIT, led by Trent Hare of USGS, advocates for creating a Lunar PSDI to enhance spatial data infrastructure in planetary science. The committee highlights the importance of foundational lunar data products and ongoing efforts for Europa and the Moon. Collaboration with various entities is emphasiz

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Exploring the water cycle and states of matter, this lesson delves into how ideas about water molecules aid in explaining evaporation and condensation. Through diagrams, simulations, and real-life scenarios, students learn about the movement and changes of water molecules. By comparing their ideas w

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Matter is anything with mass and volume, consisting of atoms. Elements are pure substances with one type of atom. Molecules are groups of bonded atoms. The content explains mass, volume, different forms of elements, allotropes, and compound properties like sodium chloride. It covers chemical symbols

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Johannes Kepler, a pivotal figure in the history of astronomy, made groundbreaking discoveries by overturning the geocentric model of the universe. By formulating his three laws of planetary motion, Kepler paved the way for scientific advancements and paved the path for Isaac Newton's law of gravity

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Explore the gravitational constant, force of attraction between objects, and equations for calculating gravitational force and centripetal force. Delve into Kepler's laws describing planetary orbits. Uncover the relationship between periods and distances of planets from the sun.

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The Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) plays a crucial role in atmospheric dynamics, divided into surface, mixed, stable, and residual layers. During the day, the mixed layer experiences convective motions due to surface heating, while the stable layer dominates during the night. Understanding these lay

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Agarose gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate and analyze DNA or RNA molecules based on size in biochemistry and molecular biology. It involves applying an electric field to move molecules through an agarose matrix towards the positive electrode, with larger molecules moving slower tha

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Attendees of the Technology Showcase for Planetary Science, held in Galveston, TX, praised the event for fostering connections between technologists and mission planners. Organized by Carolyn Mercer and Doris Daou, this innovative gathering aimed to enhance future mission science returns through col

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Dr. Yuk L. Yung is a distinguished editorial board member and professor at the California Institute of Technology, USA. His research focuses on planetary evolution, atmospheric chemistry, astrobiology, and global change, emphasizing synergistic interactions between modeling, experiments, and observa

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Particle diagrams of liquids, solids, and gases reflect distinct arrangements due to intermolecular forces. The existence of substances as gases, liquids, or solids at room temperature is attributed to the forces between molecules known as intermolecular forces (IMF), with dispersion forces being th

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Explore the fundamental laws discovered by Johannes Kepler in his study of planetary motion. Learn how these laws revolutionized our understanding of the solar system, from the elliptical orbits to the equal area law. Discover the key concepts of focus, eccentricity, aphelion, and perihelion, sheddi

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Explore the principles of Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion. Delve into the concept of gravitational attraction between celestial bodies and the validation of these laws through the conservation of angular momentum. Learn about the measurement of the gravita

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Conjugated systems in organic molecules exhibit alternating single and double bonds, leading to unique molecular orbitals and absorption patterns. With increased conjugation, molecules can absorb visible light, producing vibrant colors like the red from lycopene in tomatoes.

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Jun Wu and colleagues at Arizona State University have developed a comprehensive model to explain the origin of Earth's water through stages such as planetary accretion, core formation, and interactions with the solar nebula. By tracing the isotopic composition of hydrogen, they explore how water so

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Explore a limited subset of computational tools in planetary astrophysics used for modeling planetary transits, secondary eclipses, phase curves, radial velocities, Bayesian parameter estimation, and atmospheric modeling. Tools include BATMAN, SPIDERMAN, RadVel, e.emcee, and Exo_Transmit, each servi

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In 2006, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet, sparking debates about its planetary status. Discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh, Pluto was named after the Roman god of the underworld by an 11-year-old girl. Its composition and size differentiate it from the traditional outer planets, contributi

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Space technology plays a crucial role in global economics by addressing cosmic threats, climate change, and atmospheric issues. The protection of global resources like RF Spectrum, the Ozone Layer, and the Van Allen belts is essential for human survival. Potential risks from orbital debris, solar fl

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The MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions Committee was established by joint requests from ESA, ESF, and NASA to review planetary protection requirements for Mars. The Academies and ESF play a crucial role in providing independent scientific advice. The Joint Committee comprises experts from various

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Kinetic proofreading is a crucial mechanism by which the body accurately discriminates between closely-related molecules, such as mRNA codons and tRNA molecules in the process of protein synthesis. This process ensures that the correct molecules bind together, preventing errors that could have sever

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Delve into the world of adaptive optics (AO) systems through a focused investigation on imaging the HR 8799 planetary system. Compare and contrast different AO systems, discuss science goals and design choices, and analyze observational details and results. Explore which AO system is optimal for HR

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Resonances play a crucial role in planetary systems, where characteristic frequencies align to produce dynamical consequences. Mean motion resonances, spin-orbit resonances, and secular resonances are key examples influencing planetary dynamics. Explore resonant angles, resonant arguments, and examp

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Surface temperatures and albedo play significant roles in understanding planetary characteristics. Albedo, the fraction of sunlight reflected from a planet's surface, varies among planets. By considering factors like albedo, distance from the Sun, and energy flux, we can estimate surface temperature

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