Dementia is characterized by various changes, including behaviours such as wandering, disinhibition, agitation, and aggression. People living with dementia require care that can be approached through non-pharmacological and pharmacological strategies. The overreliance on psychotropic medications lik

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Posology, the science of determining drug dosage, is influenced by various factors including age, sex, body weight, route of administration, and more. Changes in pharmacokinetics with age, differing drug responses in men and women, and the importance of body weight in dosing are crucial consideratio

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Explore the classification, mechanism of action, and pharmacological effects of indirect-acting cholinergic drugs such as anticholinesterases. Learn about the importance, main uses, adverse effects, and contraindications of these drugs. Discover how anticholinesterases increase acetylcholine concent

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Osteogenesis Imperfecta is a genetic disorder affecting bones, with various types ranging from mild to severe. It is caused by mutations in specific genes and is characterized by bone fragility, fractures, and other skeletal deformities. Diagnosis involves clinical and genetic tests. Management incl

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Learn about the impact of various medications on breast milk and lactation, including identifying adverse effects on babies, safe medication choices for breastfeeding women with specific conditions, drugs affecting lactation, and pharmacokinetic changes in pediatric populations.

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This learning module for clinicians discusses the physiology of bladder control, age-related changes in the genitourinary system, medications that contribute to urinary incontinence, pharmacological treatments for UI, side effects of medications used for UI, and a senior-friendly approach to optimiz

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This content presents a series of quizzes involving diuretics and their role in clinical scenarios related to heart failure, glaucoma, renal hemodynamics, and intracranial pressure. Questions cover various diuretic agents such as furosemide, acetazolamide, mannitol, and hydrochlorothiazide, focusing

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Mental health issues are prevalent among COPD patients, affecting about 30% to 80% with comorbid depression and anxiety. This article aims to raise awareness among primary care professionals about identifying and managing mental health problems in COPD patients. Strategies include non-pharmacologica

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Clinical pharmacokinetics involves applying pharmacokinetic principles to personalize medication dosages for optimal therapeutic effects while minimizing adverse reactions. It covers drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Pharmacodynamics focuses on the relationship between drug c

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Dementia, a syndrome resulting from various diseases affecting nerve cells and brain function, leads to cognitive decline. Treatment approaches include pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions such as biomarker monitoring, lifestyle modifications, and addressing risk factors like hypert

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Learn about the types, locations, and actions of cholinergic receptors, the mechanism of action of direct-acting cholinomimetics, pharmacokinetics of cholinergic drugs, and the pharmacological actions and uses of cholinomimetics. Explore the roles of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in the nervous

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Anxiety disorders are conditions characterized by excessive worry and fear that can interfere with daily life. Common types include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, and OCD. Treatment options include psychotherapy and anxiolytic drugs such as benzodiazepines, 5HT1A agonists, be

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Understanding the variety of accessible medical care therapies is fundamental for coming to informed conclusions about your well-being. This article dives into ten normal therapy types, including pharmacological therapies, careful mediation, exercise

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The physicochemical properties of drugs play a crucial role in their pharmacological effects. These properties include physical and chemical characteristics that influence interactions with biomolecules. Solubility, partition coefficient, and dissociation constant are key factors affecting drug beha

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Dr. Kashif Ali leads primary care for Type 2 diabetes, while Dr. James Boyle oversees secondary care in NHS GGC. The data from December 2018 shows the number of Type 2 diabetes patients, their care processes, HbA1c levels, and BMI status. The Diabetes Quality Improvement and Outcome Measures aim to

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Cognitive enhancers play a crucial role in managing Alzheimer's Disease, with Cholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) like Donepezil, Galantamine, and Rivastigmine recommended for mild to moderate AD, and Memantine for moderate to severe cases. These medications act through different mechanisms, with AChE

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Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis in ruminants and Mycobacterium avium in dogs and pigs. These bacteria have a unique waxy appearance due to their cell wall composition, providing a shield against pharmacological compounds. Antitubercular drugs play a cruc

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Alkaloids are natural compounds found in various plants with diverse pharmacological properties. This lecture delves into alkaloids derived from sources like cinchona bark, discussing their structures, properties, and medical applications. It explores alkaloids such as quinine, quinidine, and ipecac

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Stress echocardiography is a valuable tool in diagnosing and managing coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and assessing heart function. This imaging technique helps in detecting flow-limiting stenosis, understanding the ischemic cascade, and evaluating cardiac function during stress. Va

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Explore the fascinating world of pharmaceutical organic chemistry in Unit IV, focusing on the chemistry, synthesis, reactions, and medicinal applications of Pyrimidine and Purine compounds. Dive deep into the structures, properties, and pharmacological significance of these essential molecules throu

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Purine alkaloids are a class of compounds with a unique structure, different from typical alkaloids. They include caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, each with distinct effects on the body. These compounds are found in plants like coffee, tea, and cola, and have various pharmacological activiti

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Neurohumoural transmission in the field of veterinary pharmacology involves the communication of nerve messages through the release of chemical messengers. This process includes axonal conduction and junctional transmission. The historical aspects of neurohumoural transmission highlight key discover

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Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is a condition where infants experience withdrawal symptoms from exposure to drugs in utero, with a significant impact seen in regions like southeastern Kentucky due to the opioid crisis. This syndrome manifests through various short and long-term effects, necessit

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Understanding and managing agitation in patients during the final weeks of life is crucial for providing comfort and support. This presentation by Dr. Anne Hounsell covers key aspects such as defining agitation, identifying causes, assessing reversible factors, and implementing non-pharmacological i

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This presentation on smoking in Saudi Arabia covers the epidemiology, risks, and effects of smoking, including passive smoking. It also discusses strategies for smoking cessation, the role of healthcare professionals, and updates on pharmacological management. A case scenario of a smoker seeking hel

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Cough is a reflex action to clear airways, often caused by viral infections. It can be productive or non-productive, acute, sub-acute, or chronic. Assessing cough duration, nature, associated symptoms, drug-induced or condition-induced factors is crucial. Non-pharmacological treatments include steam

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Gain valuable knowledge on topics ranging from neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation to rehabilitation models and advanced pain management medications like Gabapentin. Discover insights on pain phenotypes, trauma pathways, and the importance of personalized goal setting in rehabilitation. Stay upda

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This comprehensive guide focuses on symptom management in end-of-life care for COVID-19 patients, covering identification of signs of dying, communication with residents and families, recognition of end-of-life symptoms, and pharmacological/non-pharmacological approaches. It also provides valuable r

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Effective tobacco treatment counseling strategies, including addressing physiological and behavioral aspects of dependence, offering pharmacological treatments, and utilizing various clinician types, can significantly increase the likelihood of successful smoking cessation. Clinician interventions p

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Overview of pharmacological treatment options for Parkinson's disease and related conditions like choreatic dyskinesias, spastic disorders, and myasthenia gravis. Describes the degenerative process of Parkinson's disease, its symptoms, and the pharmacological interventions targeting dopamine deficit

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Purine alkaloids are a group of compounds with unique characteristics, such as a heterocyclic nucleus and specific methylated forms like caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine. While they have diverse pharmacological activities like CNS stimulation and diuretic effects, their identification often i

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Explore the various substance abuse treatment approaches, including psychological and pharmacological interventions, along with FDA-approved medications like disulfiram, naltrexone, and buprenorphine. Learn about the challenges in substance abuse treatment and the psychology of substance users. Disc

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Dr. Craig Masson, a GP in Clarkston, East Renfrewshire, discusses prescribing and non-prescribing options for hay fever, sinusitis, prickly heat, urticaria, and Lyme disease. The content covers the challenges of managing hay fever symptoms including grass and pollen allergies, and suggests non-pharm

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Provision of analgesia during childbirth varies among cultures, with some women preferring non-pharmacological methods like relaxation, breathing exercises, and warm water immersion, while others opt for pharmacological options such as opiates. Professionals play a crucial role in advising women on

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This content delves into the strategies for advancing the care of individuals with dementia, focusing on treatment and management options. It discusses the role of pharmaceuticals, legal considerations, safety measures, and the importance of avoiding physical restraints in dementia care. Non-pharmac

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Review signs of dying, communicate effectively with residents and families, identify end-of-life symptoms (especially related to COVID-19), and explore non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches for symptom management. Resources and guidance are provided for caring for individuals in the com

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The American Society of Hematology (ASH) 2021 guidelines provide recommendations for preventing and treating venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer patients. The guidelines cover primary prophylaxis for hospitalized medical patients and those undergoing surgery, emphasizing the use of thromboprophyl

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Explore unique presentations of anxiety in individuals with intellectual and developmental disorders, evaluate evidence-based interventions - both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, review practical strategies for managing anxiety symptoms, and identify barriers to treatment and future researc

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Understanding the crucial role of airway management in the NeuroICU is essential for preventing secondary brain injury and addressing respiratory complications in neurologically-injured patients. This presentation covers the significance of airways, common issues, evaluation techniques, adjuncts, an

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This comprehensive overview covers various aspects of pharmacological pain management, including behavioral measures for patients unable to self-report pain, building pain regimens, NSAIDs use and associated risks, NSAIDs and COX selectivity, clinical presentation of pain symptoms, gabapentinoids fo

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