Virus Entry Mechanisms: Understanding Pathogenesis and Spread
Exploring the diverse ways viruses enter the body through various routes such as respiratory tract, oropharynx, skin, genitourinary tract, and eyes, shedding light on the steps of the virus life cycle shaping pathogenesis. Viral diseases result from the intricate interaction between viral and host f
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Pharynx Anatomy and Physiology Overview
Pharynx serves as a crucial space connecting respiratory and digestive systems, divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. It houses important structures like mucous membrane, submucosa, muscular layers, and neurovasculature. Understanding pharynx anatomy is essential for diagnosing a
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Anatomy of the Pharynx: Structure and Function
The pharynx is a musculomembranous tube that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus. It is divided into three parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx, each with unique features and functions. Muscles like pharyngeal constrictors and palatopharyngeus play a crucia
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Comprehensive Adult and Pediatric HEENT, Neck, and Cranial Nerves Examination Guide
This comprehensive guide outlines the components of a normal HEENT, neck, and cranial nerves examination for adults and pediatric patients, including identifying abnormal findings and conducting focused exams. It covers common or concerning symptoms related to the head, eyes, ears, nose, oropharynx,
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Overview of the Respiratory System Functions and Anatomy
The respiratory system has vital functions such as respiration, smell, filtration/defense, sound & speech production, and waste elimination. It consists of external (root, bridge, apex, and nostrils) and internal components (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx). The nose/nasal cavity provides an airway fo
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AJCC/UICC 8th Edition Head and Neck Staging Changes
This content delves into the changes in staging guidelines for head and neck malignancies as per the 8th edition of the AJCC/UICC criteria. It explores the modifications in staging for oropharynx cancer, neck metastatic disease, oral cavity depth of invasion, and cutaneous malignancies. The presenta
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