Cholestatic liver disease affects Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin levels, indicating bile duct damage. GGT and 5'-Nucleotidase help differentiate hepatobiliary vs. bone origin of ALP elevation. ALP is produced by bile duct epithelium and can be normal in acute biliary obstruction. GGT and N

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Delve into the intricate world of nucleic acids with a focus on DNA and RNA structures, DNA replication, RNA transcription, protein biosynthesis, cancer/chemotherapy, genetic engineering, and more. Explore the structures of bases, sugars, nucleosides, nucleotides, and parts of nucleotides, along wit

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Adrenergic agents play a crucial role in pharmacology by influencing the sympathetic nervous system through adrenergic receptors. These agents, such as sympathomimetics and sympatholytics, impact essential functions like cardiac activity, blood vessel dilation, and insulin release. Adrenergic neurot

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Edit distance, a crucial concept in Computational Biology and NLP, measures the minimum number of operations needed to transform one string into another. It is widely used for tasks such as spell correction, aligning nucleotide sequences, evaluating machine translation, and speech recognition. By co

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Exploring the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines, essential components for DNA and RNA structures. Delve into the world of pyrimidines, purines, nucleosides, nucleotides, and adenosine derivatives like AMP, ADP, ATP, and cAMP, crucial for various biological processes. Unravel the significance o

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Major lipids like cholesterol and triglycerides play essential roles in the body, but their excess can lead to hyperlipidemia and related conditions. This overview covers the biosynthesis of cholesterol, triglycerides, and the transport of lipids in the bloodstream, discussing the importance of lipo

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Gene translation from RNA to protein involves the specific binding of transfer RNA molecules to messenger RNA codons, enabling the translation of nucleotide sequences into amino acids. Each amino acid is attached to a specific tRNA through activating enzymes, and the anticodon on tRNA pairs with the

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Amino acids play a crucial role as precursors in various biological processes, serving as building blocks for small molecules like hormones, coenzymes, nucleotides, and more. Glycine, a key amino acid, serves as the major precursor for porphyrins, essential in heme proteins. Understanding the pathwa

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Explore the journey of 500 carbon atoms through producers, herbivores, and carnivores in an ecosystem. Discover how carbon atoms move through photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and biosynthesis, ultimately contributing to the organic matter pyramid. Follow the pathways of carbon atoms as they cyc

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Learn how to draw Watson-Crick base pairs accurately using ChemDraw software. Follow step-by-step instructions and visual aids to create base pairs and understand nucleotide structures effectively.

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Urea is synthesized in the liver through a series of enzymatic steps known as the urea cycle or Krebs-Henseleit cycle. This process involves converting toxic ammonia into urea, a less toxic and water-soluble compound that can be easily excreted in urine. The liver plays a crucial role in urea biosyn

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Phenylpropanoids and flavonoids are essential organic compounds synthesized by plants from amino acids like phenylalanine and tyrosine. They play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of various natural products, including lignols, flavonoids, coumarins, and more. The classification of phenylpropanoids

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Fascioliosis caused by F. hepatica is a common concern globally, impacting livestock health and economy. Antitrematodal drugs play a crucial role in combating parasitic infections like fascioliosis. One such drug, Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), has been effective in treating F. hepatica due to its act

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Nitrogen metabolism is crucial in the biosynthesis of amino acids such as glutamate and glutamine, incorporating ammonia for various physiological processes. Ammonia is efficiently transported and stored using compounds like alanine and glutamate, playing a key role in the urea cycle. Glutamate, a v

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Innovative research on developing high stearic acid soybean germplasm is being conducted at the University of Missouri Delta Center. Challenges in breeding high stearic soybeans, such as sodium azide-induced deletions and mutant alleles in SACPDs, are being addressed. Promising lines identified from

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Biological databases play a crucial role in bioinformatics, storing vast amounts of data related to nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, and more. These databases are publicly accessible and essential for research in biological fields. Primary databases, such as GenBank, EMBL, and DDBJ, contain

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Metabolism of xenobiotics, foreign chemicals like drugs, food additives, and pollutants, is crucial for pharmacology, toxicology, and disease management. Knowledge allows for beneficial applications such as antioxidant research, pollutant conversion, and drug biosynthesis using transgenic organisms.

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DNA sequencing plays a vital role in various fields such as research, diagnostics, biotechnology, forensics, and biological systematics. By determining the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule, it helps in understanding genetic sequences, identifying mutations, and completing projects like th

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Antifungal drugs target ergosterol biosynthesis in fungi, disrupting cell membrane integrity. Imidazoles like miconazole and ketoconazole are commonly used for skin infections, while triazoles such as fluconazole treat systemic yeast infections. Allylamines inhibit ergosterol synthesis, with terbina

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Biosynthesis, also known as anabolism, involves the formation of complex organic compounds from simple subunits catalyzed by enzymes within living organisms. This process is vital for the development of life and the production of essential compounds like carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, antibiotic

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Cellular respiration involves key processes like the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA), Electron Transport Chain, and ATP generation pathways. The TCA cycle utilizes Acetyl-CoA to produce energy-rich molecules, while the Electron Transport Chain facilitates ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylati

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This educational material delves into the types and biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, the physiological actions of thyroid hormones, regulation levels, thyroid function tests, goiter, and the distinction between hypo- and hyperthyroidism. It covers the role of thyroid hormones in thermogenesis, meta

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A mutation in biology refers to changes in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's genome. These alterations can either be harmful, leading to conditions like cancer, or beneficial, such as providing antibiotic resistance. Mutations can occur in somatic cells or gametes, affecting both the individu

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In this lecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Salih, the focus is on lipid biosynthesis, specifically the three phases involved: glycerol formation, fatty acid biosynthesis, and triglyceride production. The classification of fixed oils into drying, semi-drying, and non-drying categories based on their

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Delve into the world of derived lipids alcohols, such as glycerol, sphingosine, and cholesterol, which play vital roles in various forms of lipids. Learn about the classification of alcohols involved in lipid structures and their significance as derived lipids. Discover how glycerol, a polyol, acts

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DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is a fundamental molecule in living organisms, characterized by its double helical structure consisting of two antiparallel polynucleotide chains. Each strand is composed of nucleotide monomers, comprising deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases (puri

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Thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), are essential for regulating metabolism, growth, development, body temperature, and heart rate. They are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland, requiring iodine for synthesis. T3 affects various physiological proce

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Explore the methods utilized in tracer techniques for investigating biogenetic pathways in plants. Learn about competitive feeding, precursor-product sequence method, sequential analysis, and isotope incorporation. These methods involve labeling experiments to trace metabolic pathways and understand

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Delve into the world of nucleic acids with a focus on DNA and RNA molecules. Discover the fundamental building blocks, such as nucleotides, and the role they play in genetic information storage and cell function. Learn about the unique characteristics of DNA like its double-helix structure and the s

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Gene mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, leading to potential amino acid alterations in proteins. These mutations can occur due to replication errors or external factors like chemicals and radiation. Different types of mutations, such as base substitutions, transitions, transver

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Autacoids, also known as local hormones, are substances produced by various tissues that act locally to regulate the activity of smooth muscles, nerves, platelets, and other tissues. They play a crucial role in pain, inflammation, allergic reactions, and more. Serotonin, a key autacoid, has diverse

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This lecture covers the types, biosynthesis, actions, regulation, and clinical implications of thyroid hormones. It explains the functions of thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3), their synthesis in the thyroid gland, and their transport in the body. The role of thyroid hormones in thermogenesi

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Salicylic acid (SA), a phenolic derivative widely present in plants, plays a crucial role as a regulator in various physiological and biochemical processes. Originally isolated from willow trees, SA is synthesized through the shikimate pathway via metabolic routes involving enzymes like PAL and BA2H

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Corticosteroids are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, divided into glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. They play crucial roles in metabolism, immunity, inflammation, and electrolyte balance. Glucocorticoids like cortisol stimulate gluconeogenesis, influence glucose levels, and hav

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Explore the process of photosynthesis in potato plants through molecular models and chemical changes at different scales, from atomic-molecular to macroscopic. Learn how potato plants produce food through biosynthesis and cellular respiration, connecting the atomic-molecular scale to the macroscopic

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Nucleotide Modifications Data Cards are vital primary research records that document raw data generated by SEA researchers. The checklist ensures accuracy and interpretability when analyzing restriction digest fragment patterns. Follow the instructions for obtaining genomic sequences and comparing v

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Menthol is an organic compound found in mint oils, synthesized or derived from cornmint or peppermint. It has a waxy, crystalline form and is solid at room temperature. The biosynthesis of menthol involves several enzymatic steps starting from the terpene limonene. Various enzymes such as geranyl di

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Nutritional requirements of microorganisms play a crucial role in their growth and functionality. The essential nutrients include carbon, oxygen, iron, macroelements, micronutrients, and trace elements. Microorganisms need a balanced mixture of nutrients for biosynthesis, energy release, and various

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Genetic interaction and epistasis play crucial roles in determining phenotypic traits through the intricate network of genes, enzymes, and metabolic pathways. This concept is illustrated through a detailed explanation of how mutations in specific genes can affect the production of metabolites and ul

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The process of Purine Nucleotide Synthesis involves the formation of purine ribonucleotides, breakdown into uric acid, and the detailed steps of purine nucleotide synthesis. Key components like IMP, SAICAR, PRPP, and ATP play crucial roles in this complex metabolic pathway, offering insights into th

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