Alcoholic fermentation involves the production of ethanol, commonly carried out by yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. On the other hand, lactic acid fermentation results in the production of lactic acid through two types: homo-fermentative and heterofermentative pathways. Different substrates and

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The Out of Africa Hypothesis suggests that humans originated in Africa and then migrated to other parts of the world in two waves. The first migration occurred around 100,000 years ago, following the Nile River into the Middle East. The second migration, approximately 85,000 years ago, saw a group o

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Explore the fascinating timeline of human evolution in Africa, from Australopithecines walking upright to the emergence of Homo habilis and Homo erectus. Discover how these early humans adapted, developed tools, and utilized fire, shaping the course of human history.

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Explore evidence supporting the common ancestors for living hominids, including humans. Delve into phylogenetic trees, shared characteristics with African apes, and anatomical differences. Learn about the Hominidae family, genus Homo, and the terms "hominid" and "hominin.

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The lecture delves into the concept of 'Homo Economicus' and the ideas of Friedrich Hayek and Adam Smith regarding individualism, liberalism, and economic freedom. It discusses how Hayek praised Smith's contribution to liberalism and the significance of securing individual freedom. The Acts of Union

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