Vertebrates exhibit various reproductive strategies to ensure reproductive success, such as external and internal fertilisation, ovipary, vivipary, and ovovivipary. The ultimate goal of each species is to maximize the number of surviving offspring while conserving energy. Different terminologies rel

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Human reproduction involves the complex processes of fertilisation and embryo development. Fertilisation occurs when the nucleus of a sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of an ovum to form a zygote. The zygote undergoes mitosis to develop into a blastocyst, which then implants into the endometrium. Th

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England has been at the forefront of surrogacy legislation, with the Surrogacy Arrangements Act of 1985 and the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act of 2008 establishing frameworks for surrogacy. Commercial surrogacy is scrutinized to ensure the welfare of the child is prioritized. The laws requir

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