Digestion and metabolism of protein in both ruminants and non-ruminants involve enzymatic breakdown of proteins into polypeptides and amino acids in the stomach and intestines. Key enzymes such as pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin play important roles in protein digestion. Gastric digestion in the s

1 views • 14 slides

Citric acid is industrially produced through microbial fermentation processes. It is widely used in various industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and beverage production. Different methods like surface culture fermentation are employed for citric acid manufacture, with fungi like Aspergillus nig

4 views • 18 slides

Nitrogen metabolism is crucial in the biosynthesis of amino acids such as glutamate and glutamine, incorporating ammonia for various physiological processes. Ammonia is efficiently transported and stored using compounds like alanine and glutamate, playing a key role in the urea cycle. Glutamate, a v

0 views • 22 slides

Innovative research on developing high stearic acid soybean germplasm is being conducted at the University of Missouri Delta Center. Challenges in breeding high stearic soybeans, such as sodium azide-induced deletions and mutant alleles in SACPDs, are being addressed. Promising lines identified from

1 views • 9 slides

Metabolism of xenobiotics, foreign chemicals like drugs, food additives, and pollutants, is crucial for pharmacology, toxicology, and disease management. Knowledge allows for beneficial applications such as antioxidant research, pollutant conversion, and drug biosynthesis using transgenic organisms.

0 views • 11 slides

The limit test for iron involves the reaction of iron in ammoniacal solution with citric acid and thioglycollic acid to form a reddish-purple color. By comparing the color produced with a standard solution, the presence of iron is determined. Citric acid prevents precipitation of iron, while thiogly

1 views • 5 slides

Exploring the metabolic processes in seeds, this study aims to compare carbon dioxide production before and during germination. Students will hypothesize and verify using a carbon dioxide SensorLab sensor. Theoretical aspects of plant metabolism, including photosynthesis and cellular respiration, wi

1 views • 22 slides

The integration of metabolism involving carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins can be divided into three stages: hydrolysis to simpler units, preparatory stage, and oxidative stage. In the hydrolysis stage, complex polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are broken down to simpler forms. The preparatory

2 views • 13 slides

The experiment aims to measure the total acid concentration in a specific brand of vinegar through a titration process using NaOH solution. The procedure involves titrating the vinegar solution with NaOH until a pink color appears, calculating the concentration of acetic acid, and determining the pe

2 views • 8 slides

The process of protein digestion involves proteolytic enzymes produced by the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine. Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin in the stomach, breaking down proteins into oligopeptides and amino acids. After absorption, amino acids are utilized for protein synthesis and as d

0 views • 7 slides

Glycine, the simplest amino acid, plays a crucial role in various metabolic pathways in the body. It can be converted to important compounds like pyruvic acid, lactic acid, and creates the one-carbon pool. Glycine is essential for heme synthesis, glutathione formation, purine synthesis, and more. In

8 views • 19 slides

Salicylic acid is synthesized from methyl salicylate through ester hydrolysis with aqueous alkali. It is a versatile compound used in organic synthesis, as a plant hormone, and derived from salicin metabolism. The derivatives of salicylic acid can minimize gastric disturbances and enhance therapeuti

4 views • 12 slides

Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM) are genetic disorders that disrupt metabolic pathways, leading to substrate accumulation or product deficiency. These disorders can be classified based on toxic accumulation, protein metabolism, carbohydrate intolerance, lysosomal storage issues, energy production d

0 views • 29 slides

Amino acid metabolism involves pathways such as transamination, deamination, and the clinical significance of serum transaminases like ALT and AST. Transamination involves the transfer of amino groups, while deamination involves the removal of the amino group. Transaminases are important intracellul

0 views • 23 slides

Decarboxylation is a crucial reaction in amino acid metabolism where CO2 is removed to form biogenic amines, catalyzed by decarboxylase enzymes. Important biogenic amines include tyramine, tryptamine, and histamine, each impacting physiological functions like blood pressure regulation. Aromatic amin

0 views • 25 slides

Salicylic acid is known for its antiseptic, germicidal, and analgesic properties, used in various applications such as preservatives, wart treatments, and pain relief. Different derivatives of salicylic acid are developed to minimize side effects and enhance efficacy. Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA), co

0 views • 15 slides

Starter cultures play a crucial role in the production of fermented milk products by producing antimicrobial compounds like organic acids, H2O2, CO2, aroma compounds, fatty acids, and bacteriocins. These compounds help prevent spoilage by inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria and altering cellul

6 views • 9 slides

Explore the intricate processes of oxidative decarboxylation and the Krebs Cycle, essential pathways in cellular energy metabolism. Learn about the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, regulatory mechanisms, clinical implications, and more. Discover the fates of pyruvate, allosteric regulation, and

6 views • 19 slides

Explore the world of fatty acids and derived lipids through detailed images and descriptions. Learn about the chemical structure, composition, and various types of fatty acids found in the human body. Discover how fatty acids are essential components of lipid forms and play a crucial role in biologi

0 views • 154 slides

Lipids are diverse organic compounds vital for metabolism and cell functions. They are insoluble in water, serve as energy sources, aid in hormone synthesis, and form cell membranes. Fatty acids, the building blocks of lipids, provide fuel for the body. Saturated fatty acids have high melting points

0 views • 44 slides

Carbohydrates play a vital role in energy production through processes like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glucose metabolism involves pathways like aerobic glycolysis and anaerobic lactate production. In diabetes mellitus, there is a disruption in carbohydrate metabolism leading to elevated blood

1 views • 14 slides

This article explores the complex biochemical pathways involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and their conversion into various metabolites. Fatty acid metabolites play essential roles in cellular energy production, signaling, and structural funct

0 views • 9 slides

Coconut oil, derived from mature coconuts, is rich in saturated fats and widely used in food, medicine, and industry. Fatty acids play crucial roles in human health, with different types impacting metabolism differently. Coconut oil's unique fatty acid composition sets it apart from oils like corn o

0 views • 18 slides

Learn about the properties of fats and oils, including their formation through a condensation reaction of glycerol with fatty acids. Explore the role of fats in the diet, different types of natural fats and oils, and the chemical composition of triglycerides. Discover the significance of fatty acids

0 views • 17 slides

Explore the process of fatty acid oxidation in zoology, including the entry of fatty acids into mitochondria, TCA cycle outcomes, and differences between mitochondrial and peroxisomal oxidation. Learn about the oxidation of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids through detailed

0 views • 9 slides

Purine degradation pathway involves the breakdown of dietary nucleic acids, mainly from meat, into uric acid through specific enzymatic steps. Excessive uric acid production can lead to conditions like gout and hyperuricemia. Humans excrete uric acid in the urine as the final product, while other an

0 views • 12 slides

Explore the world of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism through lectures by Dr. Sumbul Fatma. Discover conditions like Phenylketonuria (PKU), Maple Syrup Urine Disease, Albinism, and more, caused by enzyme deficiencies due to gene mutations. Learn about classical PKU, hyperphenylalaninemia, and

0 views • 25 slides

This lecture discusses the various amino acidopathies, including phenylketonuria, albinism, alkaptonuria, maple syrup urine disease, and homocystinuria. It covers the metabolic defects in amino acid metabolism, symptoms, causes, and treatment methods for these disorders. Emphasizing the importance o

0 views • 19 slides

Seafood lipids, including Tiger shrimps like Peaneus monodon, are rich in essential fatty acids such as EPA, DHA, and AA. This study focuses on the fatty acids profile, atherogenic (IA), and thrombogenic (IT) health lipid indices of fresh and sundried Tiger shrimps, shedding light on the effects of

0 views • 19 slides

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway, also known as the Hexose Monophosphate shunt, is an alternative route for glucose metabolism that plays a crucial role in NADPH synthesis, fatty acid production, antioxidant activity, and nucleotide formation. This pathway involves oxidative and non-oxidative phases, r

0 views • 12 slides

This content discusses the difference between background/endogenous and exogenous methanol, how metabolism of endogenous methanol affects exogenous metabolism, and the impact of exposure to different levels of methanol on blood concentrations. It highlights EPA PBPK models and assumptions regarding

0 views • 16 slides

Citric acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, and tartaric acid are natural acids found in various fruits. They have diverse applications in food and beverage, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. These acids are used for flavoring, cleaning, as food additives, and in the preparation of various prod

0 views • 4 slides

Drug metabolism involves the biotransformation of pharmaceutical substances in the body, primarily in the liver, to facilitate their elimination. This process helps convert drugs into less active forms for enhanced elimination through various reactions in Phase I and Phase II metabolism. Factors suc

0 views • 20 slides

Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids (PGE) are versatile, natural emulsifiers used widely in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. At Spell Organics, we harness Polyglycerol Esters of Fatty Acids to elevate product stability, consistency, and shelf lif

0 views • 11 slides

Chronic angina is a condition marked by impaired quality of life and decreased life expectancy, primarily due to myocardial ischemia. It is characterized by symptoms like tightness, heaviness, and pressure sensation, often located retrosternally. The pathophysiology involves a mismatch between oxyge

0 views • 73 slides

Serum uric acid is a crucial marker of purine metabolism, with elevated levels indicating hyperuricemia which can lead to conditions like Gout. The measurement of serum uric acid helps in diagnosing hyperuricemia, with serum being the preferred specimen for testing. Various factors such as diet, gen

0 views • 12 slides

Qualitative tests of lipids distinguish between oil, neutral fat, saturated fatty acids, and unsaturated fatty acids using methods like the copper acetate test. Derived lipids include substances like cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins that are either soluble in lipids or derived from lipids throug

0 views • 14 slides

Omega 7 is a rare and beneficial fatty acid that is gaining attention for its potential health advantages. While Omega 3, 6, and 9 are well-known for their benefits, Omega 7, especially found in sea buckthorn, holds unique properties that support ove

0 views • 8 slides

Animals cannot convert fatty acids into glucose due to the inability to synthesize glucose from fatty acids. The process involves acetyl-CoA not being converted into pyruvate or oxaloacetate, leading to the citric acid cycle and differences between fatty acid synthesis and degradation pathways. Key

0 views • 8 slides

Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS) is a nutritional deficiency disease in poultry characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver and kidneys. This syndrome can lead to morbidity and mortality in affected chickens, with symptoms like incoordination and abnormal movements. The liver and kid

0 views • 20 slides