The Ginzburg-Landau phenomenological theory explains superconductivity and superfluidity as distinct thermodynamic phases. It focuses on phase transitions characterized by singularities in specific heat at the transition temperature. Derived from BCS theory, it quantifies condensation energy, emphas

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Crystal Field Theory (CFT) explains the colors and magnetic properties of transition metal complexes. It focuses on the energy changes in d-orbitals of metal ions caused by surrounding ligands. This theory, developed in 1929, provides insights into the bonding interactions in complex compounds. The

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Social Learning Theory, introduced by Bandura, emphasizes learning through observation and modeling. It explores how individuals acquire behavioral dispositions, trial-and-error experiences, and the impact of stimuli in the environment. The theory focuses on the importance of attention, retention, a

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Recent studies highlight a concerning trend of stalling and declining life expectancy in the United States, particularly attributed to an increase in mortality among middle-aged and younger adults. The research focuses on understanding the impact of post-2010 mortality trends on different age groups

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Development of mathematical theories such as model theory, proof theory, set theory, recursion theory, and computational complexity is discussed, starting from historical perspectives with Dedekind and Peano to Godel's theorems, recursion theory's golden age in the 1930s, and advancements in proof t

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Explore the evolution of organizational behavior from early management theories to contemporary practices. Understand the historical foundations and relevance of management theory in shaping workplace dynamics. Delve into key concepts like Scientific Management, Administrative Management, Bureaucrat

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Various theories such as Divine Origin, Force Theory, Patriarchal Theory, and others explain the origin of the state. Divine theories attribute state creation to God, while Force Theory emphasizes the strong subjugating the weak to establish authority. Each theory offers unique perspectives on the h

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Mortality statistics for 2018 were released on January 30, 2020, highlighting life expectancy trends, drug overdose statistics, and the first maternal mortality rate in over a decade. A comprehensive communications strategy was executed to disseminate the data, including a new website, visual abstra

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Forgetting is a complex phenomenon influenced by theories such as Decay Theory, Interference Theory, and Motivated Forgetting. The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve highlights how memories fade over time. Decay Theory suggests memories decay over time, while Interference Theory explains how old and new me

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Psychological theories of criminality delve into the association between intelligence, personality, learning, and criminal behavior. Major theories include Psychodynamic Theory by Freud, Behavioral Theory by Bandura, and Cognitive Theory by Kohlberg. These theories explore how unconscious mental pro

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Austin's Theory of Law, presented by Rinkey Sharma, delves into the Imperative Theory of Law as proposed by Austin, known as the father of English jurisprudence. It explores General and Particular Jurisprudence, Austin's definition of law, and the elements of positive law, emphasizing the concepts o

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The field of International Relations (IR) encompasses various theories that seek to explain global phenomena, drawing from disciplines like history, philosophy, and economics. Theory, derived from contemplation and speculation, organizes ideas to explain issues such as state emergence, conflict caus

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This detailed content delves into the Gate Control Theory of Pain, explaining pain pathways involving nociceptors, A-delta fibers, and C fibers. It further explores central pain pathways like the spinothalamic tract, spinomesencephalic tract, and spinoreticular tract. The theory's mechanism of pain

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Cooperative game theory explores situations where players have mutual benefits in cooperating. The focus is on bargaining solutions to reach agreements despite conflicting interests. Key concepts include Nash Bargaining Solution, Kalai-Smorodinsky Bargaining Solution, and Rubinstein Bargaining Proce

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The theory of firms is explored through the Neoclassical and Modern perspectives. Neoclassical theory focuses on profit maximization, while Modern theory delves into managerial, principal-agent, and transaction cost theories. The discussion covers criticisms of Neoclassical theory and the essential

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Exploring the process of employee motivation, this content delves into goal-directed behavior, needs, satisfaction, and theories like Vroom's Expectancy Theory and Ulrich's Stages of Employee Connection. Ultimately aiming for commitment, this analysis provides valuable insights into enhancing employ

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Mechanism of general anaesthesia involves theories focusing on the interaction of anaesthetics with cell membrane components like lipids and proteins. The Lipid Solubility theory emphasizes the importance of an anaesthetic's affinity and solubility in nerve cell membranes, while the Surface Tension

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Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law emphasizes the hierarchy of norms and the normative character of law, free from extra-legal elements. This theory, in contrast to other perspectives like Hart's, aims to maintain the purity of law by isolating strictly legal components. Kelsen's focus on normative behavio

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George Kelly's Personal Construct Theory explains how individuals perceive and organize their world by formulating and testing hypotheses, just like scientists. These personal constructs shape our unique views of events, influencing how we interpret reality and make decisions. Kelly's theory of cons

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The chapter delves into various theories of motivation, including instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, incentive theory, and cognitive theory, explaining how internal states and external stimuli influence behavior. It also explores biological and social motives such as hunger and the roles of di

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Overview of theories of causation categorized into psychological, social psychological, and sociological perspectives. Psychological theories focus on instinctive, biological, and psychological qualities of abusers, including Attachment Theory, Psychodynamic Theory, Social Learning Theory, and Situa

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Central Place Theory (CPT) attempts to explain the spatial arrangement, size, and number of settlements based on central places, zones of influence, and hinterlands. This theory, introduced by Walter Christaller in 1933, outlines the importance of central functions, threshold populations, and factor

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Exploring G.H. Sabine's perspective on political theory through a contextual approach, emphasizing the importance of historical context and societal influences. Sabine argues that while political theory evolves with its contemporary politics, it should be analyzed within its specific time and social

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At the turn of the century, the discovery of the photoelectric effect challenged the wave theory of light, leading to the development of the quantum theory by Max Planck and Albert Einstein. This new theory introduced the concept of discrete energy units known as quanta, bridging the gap between wav

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Explore the implementation of a staff reward and recognition scheme to enhance academic staff motivation and performance in higher education. Learn about the challenges, related works from different universities, and the impact of rewarding systems on job satisfaction and organizational commitment.

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Overview of Dp-branes, NS5-branes, and U-duality derived from nonabelian (2,0) theory with Lie 3-algebra. Introduction to M-theory, including M2-branes and M5-branes in the strong coupling limit. Discussion on BLG theory, Lorentzian Lie 3-algebra, and the ABJM theory for M2-branes.

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The data presents insights into the population of the Czech Republic, including demographics, language distribution, religious beliefs, literacy rates, life expectancy, and urban population percentages. The population pyramid reveals a dominance of people in the age group of 20-49, with longer life

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Perturbation theory is a powerful tool in solving complex physical and mathematical problems approximately by adjusting solutions from a related problem with known solutions. This theory allows for more accurate approximate solutions by treating the difference as a small perturbation. An example inv

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Divine Command Theory asserts that morality is derived from God's commands, contrasting with Virtue Theory which focuses on developing moral virtues to achieve human flourishing and excellence. Divine Command Theory relies on religious texts, while Virtue Theory emphasizes the cultivation of virtues

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Fermi liquid theory, also known as Landau-Fermi liquid theory, is a theoretical model that describes the normal state of metals at low temperatures. Introduced by Landau and further developed by Abrikosov and Khalatnikov, this theory explains the similarities and differences between interacting ferm

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Computational Learning Theory explores inductive learning algorithms that generate hypotheses from training sets, emphasizing the uncertainty of generalization. The theory introduces probabilities to measure correctness and certainty, addressing challenges in learning hidden concepts. Through exampl

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This course overview covers concepts in automata theory and theory of computation, including formal language classes, grammars, recognizers, theorems in automata theory, decidability, and intractability of computational problems. The Chomsky hierarchy, interplay between computing components, modern-

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Human relations in the workplace involve motivating employees, utilizing techniques like counseling and good leadership, and fostering cooperation and commitment. It encompasses various disciplines like management, psychology, and sociology. Effective human relations lead to improved job satisfactio

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Explore the Expectancy Theory of Motivation, its development, Vroom's theory, and how it explains the link between performance and rewards. Learn why rewards sometimes fail to motivate employees despite expectations. Discover the key elements of the theory and its implications for managerial practic

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Explore various theories of interest in economics, including the Classical Theory, Liquidity Preference Theory by Keynes, Productivity Theory, Abstinence Theory, Time-Preference Theory, Fisher's Time Preference Theory, and the Loanable Fund Theory. These theories offer different perspectives on the

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Delve into the historical journey of atomic theory starting from Democritus and Aristotle's views to modern advancements proving some aspects of Dalton's theory incorrect. Learn about key laws and theories such as the Particle Theory of Matter, Dalton's Atomic Theory, and JJ Thomson's discoveries, s

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Delve into the fascinating world of communication theories, ranging from the genesis of Information Theory in the 1920s to contemporary frameworks like Expectancy Violations Theory and Social Information Processing Theory. Understand how theories provide explanations, predictions, and avenues for re

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Exploring the association between multi-morbidity, deprivation, and life expectancy in the context of UK general practice. The research aims to quantify socio-economic inequalities in chronic disease onset and life expectancy, particularly among older populations with multi-morbidity. Methods includ

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The Tsai-Hill failure theory is based on the strengths of a unidirectional lamina, incorporating longitudinal and transverse tensile and compressive strengths, as well as in-plane shear strength. This theory, derived from the distortion energy theory, provides criteria for determining lamina failure

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The Surrey Health and Wellbeing Strategy was refreshed in response to COVID-19 to focus on reducing health inequalities and community capacity building for a Community Vision in 2030. The Health and Wellbeing Strategy Index measures progress against priorities and outcomes at different geographic le

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