The Pennsylvania Emergency Health Services Council is promoting syringe-based EPINEPHrine administration for EMTs as a cost-effective and safe alternative to auto-injectors. This initiative aims to educate on anaphylaxis pathophysiology, EPINEPHrine pharmacology, and safe medication practices while

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Adrenergic agents play a crucial role in pharmacology by influencing the sympathetic nervous system through adrenergic receptors. These agents, such as sympathomimetics and sympatholytics, impact essential functions like cardiac activity, blood vessel dilation, and insulin release. Adrenergic neurot

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Posology, the science of determining drug dosage, is influenced by various factors including age, sex, body weight, route of administration, and more. Changes in pharmacokinetics with age, differing drug responses in men and women, and the importance of body weight in dosing are crucial consideratio

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Pharmacokinetics, as explained in a lecture by Oula Mohammed Sami, M.B.Ch.B/MSc in clinical pharmacology, delves into how the body processes drugs, contrasting with pharmacodynamics which focuses on drug actions. Key topics covered include properties influencing treatment outcomes, the significance

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Peptides and glycoproteins are secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary, regulating anterior pituitary hormones. Hormones like adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) play crucial roles. Synthetic adrenocorticosteroids have limited the use of corticotropin for

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Explore the classification, mechanism of action, and pharmacological effects of indirect-acting cholinergic drugs such as anticholinesterases. Learn about the importance, main uses, adverse effects, and contraindications of these drugs. Discover how anticholinesterases increase acetylcholine concent

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Explore the historical roots of pharmacology from ancient civilizations like India, China, and Egypt. Learn about the development and principles of drug activity, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Discover early medicinal practices and the evolution of drug administration. Gain insigh

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Major lipids like cholesterol and triglycerides play essential roles in the body, but their excess can lead to hyperlipidemia and related conditions. This overview covers the biosynthesis of cholesterol, triglycerides, and the transport of lipids in the bloodstream, discussing the importance of lipo

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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory medications that work by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. They provide relief from pain, reduce fever, and combat inflammation through various mechanisms. Aspirin, a commonly used NSAID, irr

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This comprehensive guide explores the drug hydroxyzine in depth, covering its pharmacology, therapeutic uses across different specialties, dosage recommendations, potential side effects, interactions, and considerations for safe usage.

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Delve into the world of narcotic analgesics and opiates, exploring the history of opium poppy, morphine derivatives, opioid compounds, and the pharmacology mechanisms of action. Discover the uses of opiates in analgesia, preanesthetic medication, and more, alongside the endogenous ligands involved.

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Histamine is a vital autacoid synthesized and stored in mast cells, playing a key role in various physiological processes and allergic reactions. This article delves into its synthesis, storage, release, and receptors like H1, H2, and H3, along with the pharmacology of antihistamines. Explore the in

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Tranquillizer-sedatives are drugs used in veterinary medicine to reduce mental tension, induce calmness, and manage behavioral disorders in animals. The chapter covers the classification, therapeutic uses, mechanisms of action, and adverse effects of various tranquillizer groups such as phenothiazin

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This chapter discusses the classification, salient features, and uses of sedatives and hypnotics in veterinary pharmacology. Sedatives subdue excitement and induce calmness without necessarily causing sleep, while hypnotics induce and maintain sleep. Both classes of drugs act as CNS depressants and

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Appetite is influenced by various factors including hypothalamic peptides, catecholaminergic pathways, and serotoninergic signaling. Loss of appetite, like anorexia, can stem from both physical and psychological causes. Alcohol can stimulate gastric secretion but chronic consumption may reduce appet

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Explore the pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system focusing on cholinergic and adrenergic agents. Learn about cholinomimetics, direct and indirect acting cholinergic agonists, their therapeutic indications, and adverse effects. Discover the mechanism of action and uses of nicotinic agonists. D

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This content presents a series of quizzes involving diuretics and their role in clinical scenarios related to heart failure, glaucoma, renal hemodynamics, and intracranial pressure. Questions cover various diuretic agents such as furosemide, acetazolamide, mannitol, and hydrochlorothiazide, focusing

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Dr. Marie Joseph explores the challenges and successes of managing complex pain in cancer patients. The intricacies of neuropathic pain, diagnostic characteristics, pathophysiology, pharmacology, and typical cancer pain syndromes are discussed. Strategies such as co-analgesic adjuvants, analgesic sy

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Calcium and vitamin D play crucial roles in regulating bone health and overall calcium balance in the body. Hormones like PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin are pivotal in maintaining calcium homeostasis. Drugs such as teriparatide, a synthetic form of PTH, are used to treat conditions like osteoporosis

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Plants act as natural bio-chemical factories producing primary and secondary metabolites with distinct roles in growth and adaptation. Primary metabolites are essential molecules like carbohydrates and proteins, while secondary metabolites like alkaloids have marked therapeutic activities. Alkaloids

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This comprehensive set of questions and answers covers topics related to drug excretion and renal pharmacology. It includes information on glomerular filtration, drug excretion mechanisms, dosage adjustments in renal impairment, factors influencing drug excretion, and the effects of long-term NSAID

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Toxicology is the study of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. It assesses probability of occurrence, quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing toxic effects. Toxicants are agents causing harmful responses in biological systems. Environmental toxicology focuses on pollutants' effects

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Learn about the types, locations, and actions of cholinergic receptors, the mechanism of action of direct-acting cholinomimetics, pharmacokinetics of cholinergic drugs, and the pharmacological actions and uses of cholinomimetics. Explore the roles of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in the nervous

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This lecture covers the classification, mechanism of action, kinetics, dynamics, and uses of indirect-acting cholinomimetics. It discusses anticholinesterases, their adverse effects, contraindications, and the symptoms and treatment of organophosphates toxicity. Reversible and irreversible anticholi

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Tetracyclines are a group of natural and synthetic antibiotics with a unique chemical structure and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. They were first discovered through soil microorganism screening and have since become a cornerstone in modern chemotherapy. This chapter delves into their introd

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Metabolism of xenobiotics, foreign chemicals like drugs, food additives, and pollutants, is crucial for pharmacology, toxicology, and disease management. Knowledge allows for beneficial applications such as antioxidant research, pollutant conversion, and drug biosynthesis using transgenic organisms.

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Cephalosporins are a group of semisynthetic antibiotics derived from cephalosporin C obtained from a fungus. This chapter covers the introduction, chemistry, properties, solubility, classification, spectrum of activity, mechanism of action, applications, and side effects of cephalosporins. They offe

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Explore the world of inhalation anaesthetics in veterinary medicine, from the concept of MAC to the classification of gaseous and volatile agents. Learn about blood/gas and oil/gas partition coefficients, along with the properties of popular volatile anaesthetics like Ether, Halothane, and Methoxyfl

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Corticosteroids are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, classified into glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids have diverse effects on metabolism, immune responses, and inflammation, whereas mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balance. Mechanistically, corticosteroi

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Fish pharmacology is crucial for treating fish diseases effectively using drugs. Factors like water quality, pathogens, mortality rate, legal aspects, and economics need consideration. Different routes of drug administration in fish include water medication, immersion or dipping, hyperosmotic infilt

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Explore the world of indirect acting cholinergic drugs, also known as anticholinesterases, which work by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase to increase acetylcholine levels at cholinergic receptors. Learn about their mechanisms of action, classification, kinetics, dynamics, uses, adverse effects, contr

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Neurohumoural transmission in the field of veterinary pharmacology involves the communication of nerve messages through the release of chemical messengers. This process includes axonal conduction and junctional transmission. The historical aspects of neurohumoural transmission highlight key discover

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Cholinergic neurons play a vital role in neurotransmission by utilizing acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurotransmitter. This neurotransmission involves steps like synthesis, storage in vesicles, release, receptor binding, degradation, and recycling of choline and acetate. Choline acetyltransferase cataly

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a diverse group of medications with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. They act primarily on peripheral pain mechanisms and have limited CNS effects. NSAIDs have a long history dating back to the use of White Willow bark, and the

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The regulation of respiration involves sensory and efferent pathways, with afferent pathways comprising stretch receptors, C-fibres, and irritant receptors, while efferent pathways include parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Cough physiology is a protective reflex initiated by various stimuli to

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Understanding the mechanism of ovulation and hormonal regulation is key in classifying drugs used to induce ovulation. This lecture covers the pharmacology of different groups of drugs, their mechanisms of action, administration protocols, indications, efficacy rates, and adverse effects. Antiestrog

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Dive into the world of the parasympathetic nervous system and cholinergic pharmacology, exploring concepts like cholinomimetics, parasympathomimetics, cholinolytics, and more. Discover how acetylcholine synthesis and degradation play crucial roles in these processes, and learn about different cholin

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Cholinergic transmission plays a crucial role in neurohumoral signaling, involving the release of acetylcholine at synapses and neuroeffector junctions. Dr. Rashmi Rekha Kumari explains the synthesis, storage, release, and catabolism of acetylcholine, highlighting the role of choline acetyl transfer

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This content delves into the fundamentals of neuropharmacology, exploring concepts such as dose-response curves, afferent and efferent neurons, peripheral nervous system divisions, neurotransmitter functions, and neurochemical classifications. It covers the roles of cholinergic, adrenergic, and dopa

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The cholinergic system plays a crucial role in the transmission of signals within the nervous system. Acetylcholine (ACh) is the primary neurotransmitter involved in cholinergic transmission, impacting various physiological functions. Cholinergic neurons synthesize ACh through a complex process invo

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