The Pennsylvania Emergency Health Services Council is promoting syringe-based EPINEPHrine administration for EMTs as a cost-effective and safe alternative to auto-injectors. This initiative aims to educate on anaphylaxis pathophysiology, EPINEPHrine pharmacology, and safe medication practices while

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Adrenergic agents play a crucial role in pharmacology by influencing the sympathetic nervous system through adrenergic receptors. These agents, such as sympathomimetics and sympatholytics, impact essential functions like cardiac activity, blood vessel dilation, and insulin release. Adrenergic neurot

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Posology, the science of determining drug dosage, is influenced by various factors including age, sex, body weight, route of administration, and more. Changes in pharmacokinetics with age, differing drug responses in men and women, and the importance of body weight in dosing are crucial consideratio

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Pharmacokinetics, as explained in a lecture by Oula Mohammed Sami, M.B.Ch.B/MSc in clinical pharmacology, delves into how the body processes drugs, contrasting with pharmacodynamics which focuses on drug actions. Key topics covered include properties influencing treatment outcomes, the significance

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Peptides and glycoproteins are secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary, regulating anterior pituitary hormones. Hormones like adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) play crucial roles. Synthetic adrenocorticosteroids have limited the use of corticotropin for

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Explore the classification, mechanism of action, and pharmacological effects of indirect-acting cholinergic drugs such as anticholinesterases. Learn about the importance, main uses, adverse effects, and contraindications of these drugs. Discover how anticholinesterases increase acetylcholine concent

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Explore the historical roots of pharmacology from ancient civilizations like India, China, and Egypt. Learn about the development and principles of drug activity, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Discover early medicinal practices and the evolution of drug administration. Gain insigh

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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory medications that work by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. They provide relief from pain, reduce fever, and combat inflammation through various mechanisms. Aspirin, a commonly used NSAID, irr

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This comprehensive guide explores the drug hydroxyzine in depth, covering its pharmacology, therapeutic uses across different specialties, dosage recommendations, potential side effects, interactions, and considerations for safe usage.

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This chapter discusses the classification, salient features, and uses of sedatives and hypnotics in veterinary pharmacology. Sedatives subdue excitement and induce calmness without necessarily causing sleep, while hypnotics induce and maintain sleep. Both classes of drugs act as CNS depressants and

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Explore the pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system focusing on cholinergic and adrenergic agents. Learn about cholinomimetics, direct and indirect acting cholinergic agonists, their therapeutic indications, and adverse effects. Discover the mechanism of action and uses of nicotinic agonists. D

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This comprehensive set of questions and answers covers topics related to drug excretion and renal pharmacology. It includes information on glomerular filtration, drug excretion mechanisms, dosage adjustments in renal impairment, factors influencing drug excretion, and the effects of long-term NSAID

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Learn about the types, locations, and actions of cholinergic receptors, the mechanism of action of direct-acting cholinomimetics, pharmacokinetics of cholinergic drugs, and the pharmacological actions and uses of cholinomimetics. Explore the roles of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in the nervous

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This lecture covers the classification, mechanism of action, kinetics, dynamics, and uses of indirect-acting cholinomimetics. It discusses anticholinesterases, their adverse effects, contraindications, and the symptoms and treatment of organophosphates toxicity. Reversible and irreversible anticholi

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Cephalosporins are a group of semisynthetic antibiotics derived from cephalosporin C obtained from a fungus. This chapter covers the introduction, chemistry, properties, solubility, classification, spectrum of activity, mechanism of action, applications, and side effects of cephalosporins. They offe

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Corticosteroids are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, classified into glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids have diverse effects on metabolism, immune responses, and inflammation, whereas mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balance. Mechanistically, corticosteroi

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Fish pharmacology is crucial for treating fish diseases effectively using drugs. Factors like water quality, pathogens, mortality rate, legal aspects, and economics need consideration. Different routes of drug administration in fish include water medication, immersion or dipping, hyperosmotic infilt

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Explore the world of indirect acting cholinergic drugs, also known as anticholinesterases, which work by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase to increase acetylcholine levels at cholinergic receptors. Learn about their mechanisms of action, classification, kinetics, dynamics, uses, adverse effects, contr

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Neurohumoural transmission in the field of veterinary pharmacology involves the communication of nerve messages through the release of chemical messengers. This process includes axonal conduction and junctional transmission. The historical aspects of neurohumoural transmission highlight key discover

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Cholinergic neurons play a vital role in neurotransmission by utilizing acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurotransmitter. This neurotransmission involves steps like synthesis, storage in vesicles, release, receptor binding, degradation, and recycling of choline and acetate. Choline acetyltransferase cataly

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Penicillins, the first beta-lactam drugs discovered by Alexander Fleming, play a crucial role in combating bacterial infections. With a rich history dating back to 1928, these antibiotics revolutionized healthcare during World War II, significantly reducing mortality rates from infectious diseases.

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a diverse group of medications with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. They act primarily on peripheral pain mechanisms and have limited CNS effects. NSAIDs have a long history dating back to the use of White Willow bark, and the

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The regulation of respiration involves sensory and efferent pathways, with afferent pathways comprising stretch receptors, C-fibres, and irritant receptors, while efferent pathways include parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Cough physiology is a protective reflex initiated by various stimuli to

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Understanding the mechanism of ovulation and hormonal regulation is key in classifying drugs used to induce ovulation. This lecture covers the pharmacology of different groups of drugs, their mechanisms of action, administration protocols, indications, efficacy rates, and adverse effects. Antiestrog

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Dive into the world of the parasympathetic nervous system and cholinergic pharmacology, exploring concepts like cholinomimetics, parasympathomimetics, cholinolytics, and more. Discover how acetylcholine synthesis and degradation play crucial roles in these processes, and learn about different cholin

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Cholinergic transmission plays a crucial role in neurohumoral signaling, involving the release of acetylcholine at synapses and neuroeffector junctions. Dr. Rashmi Rekha Kumari explains the synthesis, storage, release, and catabolism of acetylcholine, highlighting the role of choline acetyl transfer

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This content delves into the fundamentals of neuropharmacology, exploring concepts such as dose-response curves, afferent and efferent neurons, peripheral nervous system divisions, neurotransmitter functions, and neurochemical classifications. It covers the roles of cholinergic, adrenergic, and dopa

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The cholinergic system plays a crucial role in the transmission of signals within the nervous system. Acetylcholine (ACh) is the primary neurotransmitter involved in cholinergic transmission, impacting various physiological functions. Cholinergic neurons synthesize ACh through a complex process invo

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ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a vital immunological technique used in detecting antigens or antibodies in samples. This article covers the types of ELISA tests, such as Direct, Indirect, and Sandwich, along with the principles and applications of ELISA in diagnosis. The process involv

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Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease are significant health challenges with under-diagnosis and under-treatment issues. The prevalence of Alzheimer's is high, leading to a substantial societal cost. The natural history of Alzheimer's shows a progression of symptoms over time, with cholinergic dysfunctio

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Explore student experiences in learning tricky concepts in pathology and pharmacology as part of a veterinary medicine program. Discover challenges faced, valuable resources created, and the importance of student perspectives in enhancing learning outcomes.

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Explore the essential aspects of pharmacology and toxicology covered in Investigator Brochures, including nonclinical information, safety pharmacology, general toxicology, genetic toxicology, and more. Learn about the significance of pharmacology in predicting intended and unintended effects, consid

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Developmental pharmacology in children involves unique considerations such as drug metabolism, urine concentration, and muscle relaxant dosing. The field faces challenges with limited drug testing in pediatric populations, emphasizing the importance of age-appropriate pharmacotherapy. Factors like d

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The study of ocular pharmacology involves understanding general pharmacological principles, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics. Drugs can be delivered to ocular tissue locally via eye drops, ointments, injections, or systemically through oral or intravenous routes. Factors such as drug concentra

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Understanding the pharmacology of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is crucial as it impacts millions of Americans and poses significant healthcare costs. The complex pathophysiology involves mechanisms like the Frank-Starling mechanism, alterations in myocyte regeneration, neurohumoral s

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Explore the intricate world of ocular pharmacology with Dr. Ajai Agrawal, an Additional Professor at A.I.I.M.S., Rishikesh. The learning objectives cover pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and various routes of drug administration in ocular treatments. Delve into the anatomy of the eye, tear film c

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Uncover the rich history of pharmacology from ancient civilizations to modern times, tracing the origins of medicinal practices and the development of drug-related concepts. Delve into the fundamental areas of pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, to understand the mechanism

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Explore the setup and procedures of a Pharmacology lab focusing on agonists and antagonists potency testing. Learn about equipment, tissue suspension, lab safety, lab plan, and health precautions. Follow instructions for conducting experiments, recording data, and cleaning up. Utilize resources prov

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacology, focused on ADME processes, play a crucial role in drug development and delivery. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion determine how drugs interact within the body. Absorption involves transfer into the bloodstream, while distribution entails the spre

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This presentation delves into the nuances of psychiatric pharmacology, exploring common psychiatric conditions, historical perspectives on medical treatments, categories of psychiatric medications, and principles of treatment. It also touches on mental illness definitions from DSM-IV-TR and DSM-V, a

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