The role of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India has been a subject of debate, with a push for decentralization in the 1990s. However, challenges exist in the mismatch of capacities and responsibilities, potential for decentralized corruption, and efficiency issues. While some advocate for st

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Evolution of test automation from manual testing to partial automation in the early stages, advancements in the 1990s with the introduction of system testing tools, and the impact of test automation on fault detection and cost reduction in software engineering. The journey reflects achievements, cha

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In the early 1990s, India witnessed significant reforms in its financial sector, addressing issues like lack of transparency, extensive regulation, and financial repression. Key reforms included setting up expert committees, reducing SLR and CRR, implementing prudential norms, and deregulating inter

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Patrick Sharkey, a professor of Sociology, analyzes the historical trends of violence in the United States, highlighting peaks and declines over the decades. The data from 1960 to 2020 reveal spikes in violence during the 1960s and early 1990s, followed by a downward trend until the mid-2010s. Howev

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PowerPC is a RISC instruction set architecture developed by IBM in collaboration with Apple and Motorola in the early 1990s. It is based on IBM's POWER architecture, offering both 32-bit and 64-bit processors popular in embedded systems. The architecture emphasizes a reduced set of pipelined instruc

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New technological advancements have prompted the need for updated ASPRS positional accuracy standards for digital geospatial data. Legacy standards from the 1990s are no longer sufficient given the shift towards modern mapping technologies. The new era of mapping involves factors like camera calibra

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The history and failure of backpropagation in the 1990s are discussed, highlighting its potential and limitations. The challenges faced due to slow computers, small datasets, and network architecture are explained. The comparison with Support Vector Machines for Artificial Intelligence tasks is expl

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The Drugs & Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945 play a crucial role in regulating the import, manufacture, distribution, and sale of drugs and cosmetics, including human blood products. Blood banks are required to adhere to licensing requirements under this act and abide by specified standards. The ru

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Banco de Mexico has been gathering granular data on financial transactions since the mid-1990s to monitor compliance, risks, and economic interactions. The creation of a Data Room allows for efficient and secure data sharing, contributing to economic research and analysis. The Economic Microdata Lab

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Operating systems have evolved over the past 50 years through distinct phases, from the early history of primitive machines in the 1940s and 1950s to the development of batch processing systems in the 1960s and multimode time-sharing systems in the 1970s. The 1980s marked the era of personal computi

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Ecocriticism is the study of literature and its relationship with the environment, exploring how nature is portrayed in literary works. Originating in the 1990s, ecocriticism takes an earth-centered approach, emphasizing interconnectedness and ecological concepts. Scholars like William Rueckert and

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The birth of Data Mining is credited to papers by Agrawal, Imielinski, and Swami in the early 1990s, focusing on Association Rules and Frequent Itemsets. Market-Basket data analysis involves finding common item combinations, with applications in retail strategies and web content analysis.

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Traditional police methods in America primarily involved patrol officers and investigators, with a focus on deterrence, crime prevention, and solving crimes. However, proactive policing strategies emerged in the 1990s to address the limitations of traditional methods. Patrol remains a crucial aspect

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Special Guardianship emerged as a permanency option in the late 1990s to provide a solution for children for whom adoption was not suitable. It evolved to include older children, unaccompanied asylum-seeking children, and those from cultural/religious communities rejecting adoption. Special Guardian

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Differential Evolution (DE) is a vector-based metaheuristic algorithm known for its good convergence properties. Developed by Storn and Price in the late 1990s, DE operates on real numbers as solution strings, making encoding and decoding unnecessary. This algorithm utilizes vectors for mutation and

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The fashion industry is undergoing a seismic shift. Gen Z, the digital-native generation born between the mid-1990s and the early 2010s, is reshaping consumer habits and forcing traditional fashion brands to adapt. Unlike their predecessors, Gen Z pr

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Delve into the evolution of Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) from the mainframe era at Stanford University in the 1960s to the introduction of personal computers in the 1980s and the internet era of the 1990s. Explore key developments, such as the shift from mainframe to PC, the growth of

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Men's Sheds are male-oriented community spaces where men can engage in meaningful projects at their own pace while interacting with fellow men. These sheds provide a safe and friendly environment for activities chosen and led by the members themselves. Originating in Australia in the 1990s, Men's Sh

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Reflecting on the author's experience as a second grader in the early seventies to teaching in the 1990s, this visual storytelling journey explores the transformation of classroom discipline from corporal punishment to touch-free power. Alongside, it delves into the concept of camera angles, emphasi

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Initial investments in supported employment in the 1980s and 1990s paved the way for positive outcomes and policy developments, yet there remains uneven implementation across states. The journey from impossible to required standards for integrated employment highlights the need for renewed national

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First Wave Feminism focused on suffrage and legal rights in the 19th century. It later transitioned into the Second Wave critiquing patriarchal structures, with key figures like Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem. Third-Wave Feminism emerged in the early 1990s addressing workplace harassment and power

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Encryption plays a crucial role in protecting the digital economy by providing secure communication channels. Professor Peter Swire from Ohio State University emphasizes the need for strong encryption over weak cybersecurity measures. He discusses the history of wiretaps, the shift to strong cryptog

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The history of EU climate policy can be traced back to the 1970s when concerns about global climate change started gaining policy relevance. The 1980s saw increased awareness and the EU's involvement in environmental matters, leading to the adoption of the Single European Act in 1987. In the early 1

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Sponsored search auctions play a crucial role in the digital advertising landscape, with major players like Google generating substantial revenue through this model. Advertisers bid on keywords, with positions awarded based on bid amount. The history of keyword auctions dates back to the mid-1990s,

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Analysis of decadal changes between the 1990s and 2010s in the Caribbean region focusing on the low-level jet, rainfall patterns, 925 hPa geopotential, winds, and surface temperatures during dry and rainy seasons. Significant variations observed in wind strengths, pressure gradients, and surface tem

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Canada's immigration policy since the early 1990s has focused on adding over 225,000 newcomers annually to address economic needs and counteract aging demographics. While the economic benefits are emphasized, there are insights into the political motivations behind increasing immigration levels. Thi

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The field of privacy economics has evolved over the years, from concealing information to exchanging it for economic benefits. Early theories by Posner and Stigler highlighted the redistributive nature of privacy decisions. Varian's work in the mid-1990s emphasized the importance of property rights

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Chlorophyll fluorescence is a powerful tool developed in the 1990s for studying plant physiology and stress. It provides insights into photosynthetic processes at different levels, from subcellular to canopy. By measuring chlorophyll fluorescence, researchers can assess the efficiency of photosynthe

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Explore the Words Yesterday and Today research project led by Prof. Tony McEnery from Lancaster University and Dr. Claire Dembry from Cambridge University Press. This project delves into language usage trends, linguistic analysis, and social media discourse. Join the conversation on Twitter with @Cl

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George Fairbanks delves into the evolution of software architecture and testing from the 1990s to the present day, discussing the shift from manual reasoning to a more testing-centric approach. The exploration of intellectual control, statistical control, and the impact on project development is cap

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Discover the origins of the internet, from the early days of hand-coded HTML websites in the mid-1990s to the development of the Web by Tim Berners-Lee. Learn about the public's growing awareness of the internet in the early 1990s and the historical connection between the telegraph and modern commun

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Discover the world of rap and hip hop music through a set of engaging task cards covering topics like the emergence of rap music, famous artists, DJ techniques, and rap culture. Test your knowledge with multiple-choice questions, spot the mistakes challenges, and learn about key terms in rap music.

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Early work in the 1990s focused on combining machine learning and knowledge engineering to refine theories and enhance learning from limited data. Techniques included using human-engineered knowledge in rule bases, symbolic theory refinement, and probabilistic methods. Various rule refinement method

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The balanced scorecard, developed by Dr. Robert Kaplan and David Norton in the early 1990s, offers a strategic framework beyond traditional financial measures. It focuses on four perspectives: Customers, Internal Processes, Financial, and Learning & Growth. Each perspective includes objectives, meas

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Explore the significance of peer review in college writing instruction, emphasizing the practicality, foundational pedagogies from the 1970s-1990s, and strategies to improve peer review processes. Learn how to set a foundation, make peer reviews more social using writing groups and online platforms,

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Explore the evolution of Chinese stock markets from their beginnings in the centrally planned economy to the establishment of the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges in the 1990s. Learn about the regulatory framework, rights of stockholders, agency problems, and the role of the state in Chinese li

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Bulgaria, with a rich history of wine production dating back thousands of years, has seen significant changes in its wine industry since the early 1990s. The country's climate and soils provide ideal conditions for grape cultivation across diverse regions. Different wine regions in Bulgaria speciali

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The study of distributions in Computer Science began in the 1990s with a focus on CPU load balancing and job migration. Concepts like preemptive migration and non-preemptive migration were explored to balance job allocations on machines. These studies laid the foundation for understanding the distri

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The presentation discusses the evolution of race classification in the United States, highlighting the Multiracial Movement of the 1990s and the government's response. It covers the Census Bureau's tests in the mid-1990s and crucial decisions made by the Office of Management & Budget in 1997 regardi

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The 1990s in Ireland were a period of significant change marked by economic growth, technological advancements, and cultural developments. The era witnessed the rise of the Celtic Tiger economy, notable progress in technology with bulky computers and mobile phones, and a shift in entertainment with

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