Understanding Disability Prevention and Levels of Prevention

 
Disability Prevention
 
Dr Digvijay Sharma
School of Health sciences
Csjm University
 
Defining the Prevention of Disabilities
 
Prevention means "to keep from occurring"
(The Concise Oxford Dictionary).
 Prevention of disability can be done in two
ways.  Firstly make attempts to eliminate the
causes of disabilities and secondly attempts to
reduce the severity of those already in
existence.
 
The occurrence of disability calls attention to
the need for disability prevention, including
rehabilitation.
   WHO addresses this need by promoting a
variety of prevention measures.
 
Levels of prevention
 
There are three levels of prevention:
 Primary
 Secondary
 Tertiary
 
Levels of Prevention
 
Primary Prevention
 
Primary prevention reduces the incidence of
disabilities by preventing risk factors which
cause impairment. If primary prevention
efforts succeed, they completely eliminate any
possibility of disability that will occur. Primary
prevention is aimed at the general population
rather than at an identified "high risk" group.
 
strategies
 
Preventive efforts can involve medical,
educational, or social strategies, or any
combination of these. For example, a program
intended to reduce the risk of disabilities for
the infants of pregnant teenagers who smoke,
drink, or use drugs might combine medical
treatment, health education, peer counselling,
and group pressure to achieve its goal.
 
Process of primary prevention
 
    This process means helping clients to access and participate in
preventative strategies which may include, but are not limited to:
Identifying and implementing ways to prevent injury and illness at
home and in the community.
Providing education about protective equipment, such as helmets,
seatbelts, and earplugs.
Ensuring access to medical care and proper nutrition.
Promoting healthy behaviors, such as routine and preventative
medical care, prenatal care, exercise, healthy eating, consuming
alcohol responsibly, and smoking cessation.
Educating family members, employers, and community members
about the needs of people with disabilities.
 
measures
 
    The measures promoted for the prevention of
diseases which cause disabilities include:
immunization, Particularly against poliomyelitis,
measles, rubella and tuberculosis;
prenatal care to ensure the healthy development
and delivery of babies;
appropriate nutrition, especially iron, iodine and
vitamin A, for mothers and children; and
sanitary measures to prevent eye diseases, such
as infections and trachoma.
 
measures
 
Injuries may result from intentional or
unintentional acts and injury prevention has
several aspects. One is education regarding
measures which can be taken to prevent acts that
cause injuries. A second is protection, which uses
environmental or technical devices such as seat
belts, helmets and air bags to prevent injuries. A
third aspect is the promotion of safety as part of
general health promotion policies, and this is
being developed under WHO leadership.
 
Secondary Prevention
 
Secondary prevention targets an existing risk
factor and removes or reduces it. When
secondary prevention is successful, the
disability will not occur.
 However, since the risk factor did exist and
some damage may have been done before
secondary prevention began, the impairment
may be reduced rather than prevented.
 
Aims
 
Efforts in the category of secondary
prevention are aimed at an identified group of
people who either show symptoms of a
disabling condition or are considered to be
"high risk" for the development of such a
condition.
 
Measures
 
Secondary prevention detects illness or injury
early to lessen the impact of disability. Examples
of secondary prevention strategies include, but
are not limited to:
Routine health screenings, such as eye exams for
cataracts, and mammograms for breast cancer.
Nutrition programs to help prevent further
cardiac issues.
Fall risk evaluation.
 
Tertiary Prevention
 
Tertiary prevention is implemented when a
pathological condition exists.
 It "promotes adjustment to irremediable
conditions and minimizes further complications
or loss of function" (Scott & Carran, 1987, page
801).
When tertiary prevention is successful
progression along the continuum from pathology
to disability is slowed, halted, or even reversed.
 Tertiary prevention is focused on a limited
population who have a specific condition.
 
Aims
 
Tertiary prevention attempts to limit or undo the
impact of an injury or illness, which is causing
disability. The goal of tertiary prevention is to
prevent limitations and promote improvement
toward independence. Examples of tertiary
prevention strategies include, but are not limited
to:
A rehabilitation program after an accident
A cardiac rehabilitation program
A disease management program
A self-help group
 
Treatment
 
When impairments occur, they can be treated
in order to prevent or to reduce disabilities,
such as difficulty in seeing, hearing or walking.
Eyeglasses can greatly reduce, or even
eliminate, difficulty in seeing; a hearing aid
can reduce difficulty in hearing; and leg braces
can reduce difficulty in walking
 
Measures
 
When disabilities occur, measures aimed specifically at the
limited function which a disabled person experiences can
also be taken to reduce or to limit the progression of the
disability.
These are the measures commonly referred to as
rehabilitation. Because they focus on the activities which
people can or cannot do, they require their active
participation.
The rehabilitation process may require a person to learn
how to dress or feed; a new system for communication; a
new method for moving around, perhaps using a
wheelchair; or new methods for organizing and carrying
out daily activities.
 
Conti..
 
Addressing the functional limitations of disabled people
may also reduce the handicaps confronting them in their
interactions with society.
For example, if a person with paralysed legs can learn to
walk with braces and crutches, he or she will have a far
greater chance of being accepted by other people at school
or at work.
However, only treating disabilities is not sufficient to reduce
handicaps. Societal attitudes must also change so that
people with disabilities have increased opportunities to
participate in the same educational, work and social
activities as other people in their communities.
 
Integrated Approach
 
WHO promotes an integrated approach to
preventing disabilities by including all
promotive, preventive, curative and
rehabilitative care in primary health care.
Integrated health services can strengthen
disability prevention by keeping health care
personnel at district and subdistrict level well
informed about all aspects of disability
prevention, including rehabilitation.
 
Conti..
 
In addition, the health sector can actively
participate in intersectoral efforts to provide
living conditions, which reduces the risk of
diseases and injuries, address the needs of
people with impairments and disabilities
through community based rehabilitation, and
ensure their full integration in society.
 
Refrences
 
Dr 
Ann Goerdt,
 
Disability prevention and rehabilitation,
 
World Health , 48th Year, No. 5,
September-october 1995.
Scott, K.G. & Curran, D.T. (1987). The epidemiology and prevention of mental retardation.
American Psychologist, 42, pp. 801-804.
Florence Lalonde, Prevention of Disabilities,SSTA Research Centre Report #94-07a.
Laura Camus, https://study.com/academy/lesson/disability-prevention-management-
strategies-for-counselors.html
.
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Disability prevention involves efforts to eliminate or reduce the causes and severity of disabilities. It can be achieved through primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies, aiming to prevent risk factors that cause impairment and promote overall well-being. Primary prevention focuses on reducing the incidence of disabilities by targeting the general population with various preventive measures, such as medical, educational, and social interventions. By implementing preventative strategies, individuals can access resources, education, and support to maintain optimal health and reduce the likelihood of disabilities.


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  1. Disability Prevention Dr Digvijay Sharma School of Health sciences Csjm University

  2. Defining the Prevention of Disabilities Prevention means "to keep from occurring" (The Concise Oxford Dictionary). Prevention of disability can be done in two ways. Firstly make attempts to eliminate the causes of disabilities and secondly attempts to reduce the severity of those already in existence.

  3. The occurrence of disability calls attention to the need for disability prevention, including rehabilitation. WHO addresses this need by promoting a variety of prevention measures.

  4. Levels of prevention There are three levels of prevention: Primary Secondary Tertiary

  5. Levels of Prevention

  6. Primary Prevention Primary prevention reduces the incidence of disabilities by preventing risk factors which cause impairment. If primary prevention efforts succeed, they completely eliminate any possibility of disability that will occur. Primary prevention is aimed at the general population rather than at an identified "high risk" group.

  7. strategies Preventive efforts can involve medical, educational, or social strategies, or any combination of these. For example, a program intended to reduce the risk of disabilities for the infants of pregnant teenagers who smoke, drink, or use drugs might combine medical treatment, health education, peer counselling, and group pressure to achieve its goal.

  8. Process of primary prevention This process means helping clients to access and participate in preventative strategies which may include, but are not limited to: Identifying and implementing ways to prevent injury and illness at home and in the community. Providing education about protective equipment, such as helmets, seatbelts, and earplugs. Ensuring access to medical care and proper nutrition. Promoting healthy behaviors, such as routine and preventative medical care, prenatal care, exercise, healthy eating, consuming alcohol responsibly, and smoking cessation. Educating family members, employers, and community members about the needs of people with disabilities.

  9. measures The measures promoted for the prevention of diseases which cause disabilities include: immunization, Particularly against poliomyelitis, measles, rubella and tuberculosis; prenatal care to ensure the healthy development and delivery of babies; appropriate nutrition, especially iron, iodine and vitamin A, for mothers and children; and sanitary measures to prevent eye diseases, such as infections and trachoma.

  10. measures Injuries may result from intentional or unintentional acts and injury prevention has several aspects. One is education regarding measures which can be taken to prevent acts that cause injuries. A second is protection, which uses environmental or technical devices such as seat belts, helmets and air bags to prevent injuries. A third aspect is the promotion of safety as part of general health promotion policies, and this is being developed under WHO leadership.

  11. Secondary Prevention Secondary prevention targets an existing risk factor and removes or reduces it. When secondary prevention is successful, the disability will not occur. However, since the risk factor did exist and some damage may have been done before secondary prevention began, the impairment may be reduced rather than prevented.

  12. Aims Efforts in the category of secondary prevention are aimed at an identified group of people who either show symptoms of a disabling condition or are considered to be "high risk" for the development of such a condition.

  13. Measures Secondary prevention detects illness or injury early to lessen the impact of disability. Examples of secondary prevention strategies include, but are not limited to: Routine health screenings, such as eye exams for cataracts, and mammograms for breast cancer. Nutrition programs to help prevent further cardiac issues. Fall risk evaluation.

  14. Tertiary Prevention Tertiary prevention is implemented when a pathological condition exists. It "promotes adjustment to irremediable conditions and minimizes further complications or loss of function" (Scott & Carran, 1987, page 801). When tertiary prevention is successful progression along the continuum from pathology to disability is slowed, halted, or even reversed. Tertiary prevention is focused on a limited population who have a specific condition.

  15. Aims Tertiary prevention attempts to limit or undo the impact of an injury or illness, which is causing disability. The goal of tertiary prevention is to prevent limitations and promote improvement toward independence. Examples of tertiary prevention strategies include, but are not limited to: A rehabilitation program after an accident A cardiac rehabilitation program A disease management program A self-help group

  16. Treatment When impairments occur, they can be treated in order to prevent or to reduce disabilities, such as difficulty in seeing, hearing or walking. Eyeglasses can greatly reduce, or even eliminate, difficulty in seeing; a hearing aid can reduce difficulty in hearing; and leg braces can reduce difficulty in walking

  17. Measures When disabilities occur, measures aimed specifically at the limited function which a disabled person experiences can also be taken to reduce or to limit the progression of the disability. These are the measures commonly referred to as rehabilitation. Because they focus on the activities which people can or cannot do, they require their active participation. The rehabilitation process may require a person to learn how to dress or feed; a new system for communication; a new method for moving around, perhaps using a wheelchair; or new methods for organizing and carrying out daily activities.

  18. Conti.. Addressing the functional limitations of disabled people may also reduce the handicaps confronting them in their interactions with society. For example, if a person with paralysed legs can learn to walk with braces and crutches, he or she will have a far greater chance of being accepted by other people at school or at work. However, only treating disabilities is not sufficient to reduce handicaps. Societal attitudes must also change so that people with disabilities have increased opportunities to participate in the same educational, work and social activities as other people in their communities.

  19. Integrated Approach WHO promotes an integrated approach to preventing disabilities by including all promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative care in primary health care. Integrated health services can strengthen disability prevention by keeping health care personnel at district and subdistrict level well informed about all aspects of disability prevention, including rehabilitation.

  20. Conti.. In addition, the health sector can actively participate in intersectoral efforts to provide living conditions, which reduces the risk of diseases and injuries, address the needs of people with impairments and disabilities through community based rehabilitation, and ensure their full integration in society.

  21. Refrences Dr Ann Goerdt, Disability prevention and rehabilitation, World Health , 48th Year, No. 5, September-october 1995. Scott, K.G. & Curran, D.T. (1987). The epidemiology and prevention of mental retardation. American Psychologist, 42, pp. 801-804. Florence Lalonde, Prevention of Disabilities,SSTA Research Centre Report #94-07a. Laura Camus, https://study.com/academy/lesson/disability-prevention-management- strategies-for-counselors.html.

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