Laboratory Experiments on Geotechnical Properties

 
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1.
Determine the Dynamic angle of repose of an
agricultural produce
2.
Determine the station co-efficient of friction for
agricultural produce
Note:  frictional characteristic of agricultural crops
play a big role in the design of handling and
processing equipment.  Angle of repose and static
coefficient of friction are two indices that can be
used to indicate frictional properties of crops and
their definitions have been given in the class.
Revise these definitions in order to get a clear
distinction between these two properties.
P
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1.
DYNAMIC ANGLE OF REPOSE
You are supplied with two types of agricultural
crops.  Follow the instructions  of  the laboratory
supervisor and use the funnel system to determine
the angle of repose.
You are also supplied with an emptying angle
box.  Use this method in obtaining the angle of
repose.
Compare your results.  Which of these values for
these crops?
1.
STATIC COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
(i) You are supplied with an inclined plane method
apparatus. Following the instructions of the
laboratory supervisor, determine the static
coefficient of friction on
plywood (along the grain)
plywood (across the grain)
galvanized iron sheet
C. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1.
Under what real-life situations would you
think angle of repose and angle of  internal
friction are useful?
2.
Under what situations do you think:
a high angle of repose is an advantage?
A high angle of repose is a disadvantage?
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a. Identify the various parts of planimeter
b. Test the planimeter for reliability
c. Use the planimeter to determine area of given
shapes
 
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A.
 
GETTING FAMILIAR WITH THE
PLANIMETER
The laboratory instructor will explain to you how the
panimeter isused
Sketch and label the various parts of the planimeter
Explain in your own words how the planimeter is set up
and used.
B. TEST-RUNNING THE PLANIMETER
A.
Attach the test rule as described to you.  Set the
planimeter as directed and
determine the area described inmm2
2.
 
Find the percent difference between your
measurement and the area of the square.
3.
 
Draw a square of 1 x 1cm and use the
planimeter to determine the area of the square.  Repeat
for a circle of 1cm diameter.
4
 
Find the percentage error.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using
a planimeter for area
determinations
2. In what disciplines do you think the planimeter can be
very useful
 
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Use the planimeter to measure the projected area of
some crops
Use the planimeter to measure the surface area of
leaves.
Compare the effectiveness of planimeter to graph
sheet method
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1.
AREAS OF LEAVES
You are supplied with three kinds of leaves with
different surface areas
1.
Trace the areas of the leaves on graph paper
2.
Use the planimeter to determine the area of each leaf
3.
Use the graph paper to determine the area of each
leaf.
4.
Compare your results.
 
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You are supplied with three fruits.
On a graph paper, draw the projection of each
fruit in the natural rest position.
Draw the smallest circumscribing circle on the
projection drawn in (1)
Use both planimeter and graph sheet method
to determine the projected area Ap and the
circumscribing circle A
2
Determine Roundness (Ap / Ac) with both
methods
Compare your answers for the three products
1.
SURFACE AREA OF FRUITS
Your are supplied with two kinds of fruits/seeds
1.
Coat each fruit/seed with the ink supplied
2.
Cover the entire fruit/seed with graph paper
(You may fold the graph paper)
3.
Use the graph paper squares to determine
the surface area of each fruit/seed.
4.
Use the planimeter to determine the surface
area of the fruit/seed.
5.
Compare your results.
D. Answer the following questions:
1.
 
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think
(a)
 
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paper method?
(b)
 
the graph paper method has over the
planimeter?
2.
 
Which method will you choose and
why if:
(a) you are in the field
(b) you are in the office.
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Identify a set of Tyler’s sieve and a Ro-tap
machine
Determine the Fineness modulus of a given
ground feed
Determine the Modulus of Uniformity of
ground feed.
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Fineness modulus and modulus of uniformity are two
indices that are used to classify ground feed.  These
indices have been explained to you in the classroom.
P
R
O
C
E
D
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1.
SCREENING
You have been supplied with two samples
A.
Grains
B.
Ground feed
Weigh 250g of each sample
Arrange the seven standard sieves (3/8” 4, 8, 14, 28, 48,
100) and the pan on the Ro-tap, pour the sample from the
top and vibrate for 5 minutes.
Find the percentage on each sieve
1.
CALCULATIONS
A.
Using an appropriate table, calculate the fineness
modulus (f
m
)
B.
Calculate the average size of grain (D) in inches.
D = 0.0041 x 2
fm
(iiI)
 
Determine the modulus of elasticity
Draw a graph of screen opening versus percent finer than
screen.
1.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
i)
 
In what category will you place your two
samples in terms of course, medium and finer in relation
to;
Fineness Modulus
Modulus of uniformity
ii)
 
What do you think about this statement?
“The bigger the animal, the coarser the feed should be”
Describe how a complete Tyler’s sieve set look like (with
the aid of diagrams).
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This instructional guide outlines laboratory procedures for determining geotechnical properties such as dynamic angle of repose, static coefficient of friction, surface area of fruits, and screening for ground feed classification. It includes steps, apparatus required, calculations, and questions to enhance understanding.


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  1. their definitions have been given in the class. Revise these definitions in order to get a clear distinction between these two properties. PROCEDURE 1.DYNAMIC ANGLE OF REPOSE You are supplied with two types of agricultural crops. Follow the instructions of the laboratory supervisor and use the funnel system to determine the angle of repose. You are also supplied with an emptying angle box. Use this method in obtaining the angle of repose. Compare your results. Which of these values for these crops? 1.STATIC COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION (i) You are supplied with an inclined plane method apparatus. Following the instructions of the laboratory supervisor, coefficient of friction on plywood (along the grain) plywood (across the grain) galvanized iron sheet C. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: 1.Under what real-life situations would you think angle of repose and angle of internal friction are useful? 2.Under what situations do you think: a high angle of repose is an advantage? determine the static

  2. APPARATUS: Planimeter, plain paper, pencil and ruler NOTES: A planimeter is an instrument for measuring the area of all shapes of plane figure. The area is obtained by tracing their perimeters. Area of plans and maps to any scale, sectional areas of machine drawings as well as the mean heights of line diagrams can also be otained with the panimeter. PROCEDURE A. GETTING FAMILIAR PLANIMETER The laboratory instructor will explain to you how the panimeter isused Sketch and label the various parts of the planimeter Explain in your own words how the planimeter is set up and used. B. TEST-RUNNING THE PLANIMETER A.Attach the test rule as described to you. Set the planimeter as directed and determine the area described inmm2 2. Find the percent difference between your measurement and the area of the square. 3. Draw a square of 1 x 1cm and use the planimeter to determine the area of the square. Repeat for a circle of 1cm diameter. 4 Find the percentage error. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a planimeter for area determinations WITH THE

  3. Draw the smallest circumscribing circle on the projection drawn in (1) Use both planimeter and graph sheet method to determine the projected area Ap and the circumscribing circle A2 Determine Roundness (Ap / Ac) with both methods Compare your answers for the three products 1.SURFACE AREA OF FRUITS Your are supplied with two kinds of fruits/seeds 1.Coat each fruit/seed with the ink supplied 2.Cover the entire fruit/seed with graph paper (You may fold the graph paper) 3.Use the graph paper squares to determine the surface area of each fruit/seed. 4.Use the planimeter to determine the surface area of the fruit/seed. 5.Compare your results. D. Answer the following questions: 1. What specific advantages to do you think (a) the planimeter has over the graph paper method? (b) the graph paper method has over the planimeter? 2. Which method will you choose and why if: (a) you are in the field

  4. Fineness modulus and modulus of uniformity are two indices that are used to classify ground feed. These indices have been explained to you in the classroom. PROCEDURE: 1.SCREENING You have been supplied with two samples A.Grains B.Ground feed Weigh 250g of each sample Arrange the seven standard sieves (3/8 4, 8, 14, 28, 48, 100) and the pan on the Ro-tap, pour the sample from the top and vibrate for 5 minutes. Find the percentage on each sieve 1.CALCULATIONS A.Using an appropriate table, calculate the fineness modulus (fm) B.Calculate the average size of grain (D) in inches. D = 0.0041 x 2fm (iiI) Determine the modulus of elasticity Draw a graph of screen opening versus percent finer than screen. 1.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS i) In what category will you place your two samples in terms of course, medium and finer in relation to; Fineness Modulus Modulus of uniformity

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