Language Structure Explained: Prefixes, Suffixes, and Word Class Changes
Explore the concept of affixation with examples of adding prefixes and suffixes to base words, resulting in changes to word classes. Conversion examples illustrate how words can change classes without affixes. The content covers shifts in stress, compound words, and conversions from phrases to nouns and adjectives. Gain insights into language structure nuances through practical examples.
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I : Affixation PREFIX : ADDING A PREFIX TO THE BASE With / Without Change of Word-Class In+Complete A+moral Be+friend Tri+colour Sub+way Un+tie Co+pilot Arch+enemy Post+war Super+market
SUFFIX: ADDING A PREFIX TO THE BASE With / Without Change in Word-Class Govern+ment Wis(e)+est Writ(e)+er Nation+al Artist+ic Faith+ful Prepar(e)+ation Hospital+ise Speech+less Happi+ness
II: CONVERSION A Word changes its Word Class with / Without an Affixation I: You should husband your resources carefully. I: Her husband is in the army. II: This rule is a must for everyone. II: You must buy this book. III: My children are a great help to her. III: please help her in the project. IV: We had a nice walk in the garden. IV: Camels can walk on sand.
Cont V: The news was in the national daily. V: It s a daily newspaper. VI: Wear a mask. VI: They mask their feelings. VII: She was present in the class. VII: She gave her a present. VIII: Light the lamp. VIII: There is enough light in the room. MORE words: Knife, Calm, House, Water, Call, Empty, Brake, Cash, Comic, etc.
Cont. Conversions from Phrases to Nouns: 1. He was one of the also-runs. 2. He is a fly-by-night businessman. Conversions from Phrases to Adjectives: 1. I feel very under the weather. 2. These are cast-off clothes. 3. She is a make-up artist. 4. It s a done in a corner matter. 5. His is a beat about the bush speech.
Cont. Conversions for Affixes to Nouns: Feminism is one of the isms. What are the pros of the issue. Approximate Conversion: A word undergoes a slight change in Spelling or Pronunciation or Grammatic Function. Advice # Advise Thief # Thieve (V) Practice # Practise
Shift of Stress: VERB (Stress on 2nd Syllable) Con duct Ad dict De crease Export /Iks/ Object Perfect Conflict Insult Permit Present Produce Rebel Record (Stress on 1st Syllable) Conduct Addict Decrease Export /eks/ Object Perfect Conflict Insult Permit Present Produce Rebel Record NOUN
COMPOUND WORDS A unit that consists of two or more bases. Sunrise Taxpayer Blood-Test Book review song-writer Swimming pool Daydreaming Homework Windmill Motorcycle Hunchback Backpack Loudmouth Breathtaking Soul Searching Fruit Canning Homesick British-American Bitter-Sweet Deaf-Mute Colourblind Brickred Medium pace right hand bowler Notebook Walking stick Paperback Potbelly Merry-go-round Hairband
REDUPLICATION Some Compounds have Two or More Elements which are either Identical or only Slightly Different Difference between Two Elements may be in the Initial Consonants or Medial Vowels Walkie Talkie Criss-Cross
Cont. Tick-Tock Zig-Zag Bow-Wow Shilly-Shally, Helter-Skelter, Tittle-Tattle, Wishy-Washy, Tut-Tut, Willy-Nilly, Mumbo-Jumbo, Higgledy-Piggledy, Hi-fi, Hibbie-Jeebie, Hocus-Pocus, Argy-bargy, Nitty-gritty, Knick- Knack, Chop-Chop, So-so See-Saw Chit-Chat Ping-Pong, Tip-Top Yo-Yo Ding-Dong, No-no
Cont. Namby-bamby, Harum-Scarum, Hurly-Burly, Namby-pamby, Hush-hush, Blah-blah, Ga-ga Flip-flip, Roly-poly, Hoity-toity, Itty-bitty, bye-bye, Ha-ha,
CLIPPING Parts of the Long Word are cut off. Hence One Part of the word stands for the Whole Word.
i) Clipping can occur at the Beginning: Phone # Telephone Plane # Aeroplane Pin # Hairpin/Safetypin Stand # BusStand Brush # Toothbrush/ Hairbrush Watch # Wristwatch Fan # Ceiling Fan Bell # Doorbell Cooker # Pressure cooker Bike # Motorbike Net # Internet Paper # Newspaper Book # Textbook Cycle # Bicycle
ii) Clipping can occur at the End: (Commonly Used) Photo # Photograph Disco# Discotheque Mon # Monday Ortho # Orthopaedic Gynaec # Gynaecologist Sis # Sister Gym # Gymnasium Exam # Examination Pak # Pakistan Bio # Biology Veg # Vegetarian Cell # Cellphone Bro # Brother Intro# Introduction Brits # British Fr # Francs Kilo # Kilogram Prez # President
Cont. Lab # Laboratory Dorm # Dormitory Ad # Advertisement Mike # Microphone Eco # Ecology / Economics Ok # Okay Doc # Doctor / Document Id # Identity Sign # Signature Comp # Computer Fax # Facsimile Gas # Gasoline Remote # Remote control Lib # Library Taxi # Taxicab Prof # Professor Specs # Spectacles Fridge # Refrigerator Calci # Calculator Zoo # Zoological Park Micro # Microwave Oven
ii) Clipping can occur in the Middle: ( Rare) Flu # Influenza
BLENDING Two Parts of Two Different words are blended to make a New Word. Brunch Smog Motel Moped Transistor # Transfer + Resistor Autobus # Automobile + Omnibus Tomchi # Tomato + Chille Pomato # Potato + Tomato # Breakfast+Lunch # Smoke + Fog # Motor + Hotel # Motor Cycle + Pedals
Cont. Infotainment di-fi Co-ed Chortle Finmin Womenomics Edutainment Interpole Medicar Heliport Hi- Tech Ginormous # Gigantic + Enormous Feminar Workoholic # Work + Alcoholic # Information+ Entertainment # Digital + Fidelity # Co+education # Chukle+Snort # Finance + Minister # Women + Econimics # Education + Entertainment # International + Police # Medical + Care # Helicopter + Airport # High + Technology # Feminine + Seminar
Cont. Staycation Globish Wi-Fi Frenemy Faction Emoticon Docudrama Biopic Spork Webinar Blog Glamping Internet Hinglish # Global + English # Wireless + Fidelity # Friend + Enemy # Fact + Fiction # Emotion + Icon # Documentary + Drama # Biography + Picture # Spoon + Fork # Web + Seminar # Web + Log # Glamorous + Camping # International + Network # Hindi + English # Stay + Vacation
Cont. Alphanumeric # Alphabetic + Numeric Brexit # Britain + Exit Email # Electronic + mail Forex # Foreign + Exchange Oxbridge # Oxford + Cambridge Sitcom # Situation + Comedy Bollywood # Bombay+ Hollywood Saifina # Saif + Karina Chillax # Chill + Relax Cineplex # Cinema + Complex Chunnel # Channel + Tunnel Dumbfound # Dumb + Confound Malware # Malicious + Software Netizen # Internet + Citizen
Acronymy / Acronyms Acronyms are formed from the Initial Letters of Words. Many Acronyms are Pronounced as words. Acronyms pronounced as Sequences of Letters can be called ALPHABETISMS COD NOC RADAR LCD BPO OT LA CRY # Cash On Delivery # No Objection Certificate # Radio Detecting And Ranging # Liquid Compact Disc # Business Process Outsourcing # Operation Theatre # Los Angeles # Child Rights and You
Cont. BJP IMF SAARC # South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation WHO # World Health Organisation RAW # Research and Analysis Wing NASA # National Aeronautics & Space Organisation CIDCO # City & Industrial Development Corporation NABARD # National Bank for Rural & Agriculture Development # Bhartiya Janata Party # International Monetary Fund
Exercise: Identify the Word Formation Processes of the underlined words: They are made for each other couple. Write PTO at the bottom of the page. We are proud to be Indians. She switched on the set top box. She will get max 70 points. She is shopaholic. They are drawing zig-zag lines. Please empty this box. I have a PAN card. He talks glocal English
