Understanding Diabetes Mellitus and Dental Plaque

 
 
 
Definition
Diabetes  mellitus is an endocrine disorder
with abnormally high levels of glucose in the
blood. This occurs  because the pancreas does
not produce enough insulin or the insulin
produced is ineffective
 
 
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1
Insulin- dependent diabetes (IDD)
 
● Often hereditary and generally develops during
childhood, adolescence and young adulthood
● The pancreas does not produce insulin
● Oral medication and insulin injections as well
as diet and exercise are used to control IDD
● Cannot be reversed
 
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2
Non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDD)
 
● Develops mainly during later adulthood, especially
among overweight adults
● The pancreas produces insulin that cannot be used by
the body
● Oral medication and insulin injections as well as diet and
exercise  are used to control NIDD, or diet and exercise
alone can also control this condition
● Can be reversed when a person loses weight
 
 
 
 
 
Symptoms
● Frequent urination
● Excessive thirst
● Weight loss
● Tiredness
● Lack of concentration
● Blurred vision
 
Dietary G
uidelines (HL)
 
● Reduce intake of foods h
igh in saturated fat eg. cheese,
butter, especially important to reduce type 2 diabetes
● Choose diabetic confectionery eg. diabetic chocolate,
artificial sweeteners, to avoid blood glucose levels spiking
● Increase intake of high-fibre foods eg. wholegrain bread –
release glucose into the bloodstream slowly and steadily
● Choose low GI (glycaemic index) foods eg. porridge. High GI
foods eg. cakes. Low GI foods release glucose into the
bloodstream slowly and steadily
● Eat, regular, balanced meals to stabilise blood sugar levels –
help avoid  hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia
 
Learning Check
 
2011, HL, Section B, Q2
 
 
Definition
Plaque, which is composed of bacteria,
food and saliva, is the main cause of
dental disease. Plaque forms a coating
on the outside of teeth and gums.
Periodontal disease and dental caries or
tooth decay occurs when plaque is
allowed to remain on teeth.
 
Periodontal Disease
● Bacteria in plaque produce toxins which causes
inflammation of the gums and destruction of the bone
holding the teeth in place
● Periodontal disease occurs when plaque builds up
along the gum line
● The teeth become loose over time and may have to be
extracted
 
 
 
Dental cavities/tooth decay
● Bacteria in plaque react with food particles to produce
an acid, which attacks the tooth enamel, weakening it
● Dental cavities occur when plaque is allowed to
remain on teeth
● Over time a cavity(hole) will develop in the enamel,
which eventually may expose the toot’s nerve, leading
to a tooth ache
 
Dietary Changes
Reduce the risk of dental disease
 
● Avoid high sugar foods eg. cakes, fizzy drinks
● Use artificial sweeteners eg . Canderel instead of
sugar
●Choose high fibre breakfast cereals, eg Weetabix
instead of high sugar options
● Choose water instead of fizzy drin
ks
● Avoid foods with hidden sugars eg corn syrup
 
Dental Care
Reducing the risk of dental disease
 
● Brush teeth at least twice per day and if possible after
each meal
● Floss teeth daily
● Visit the dentist at least twice per year
● Choose a flouride toothpaste, flouride strengthens
teeth and helps prevent tooth decay
● Use an antiseptic mouthwash to reduce build-up of
bacteria and freshen breath
 
Learning Check
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Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production or ineffectiveness. Type 1 diabetes is insulin-dependent and typically develops in childhood, while Type 2 diabetes is non-insulin dependent and often seen in overweight adults. Symptoms include frequent urination, excessive thirst, and tiredness. Dietary guidelines emphasize reducing saturated fats and choosing high-fiber foods. Dental plaque, composed of bacteria, food, and saliva, is the main cause of dental diseases like periodontal disease and tooth decay.


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  1. Definition Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder with abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood. This occurs because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the insulin produced is ineffective

  2. Types of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Insulin- dependent diabetes (IDD) Often hereditary and generally develops during childhood, adolescence and young adulthood The pancreas does not produce insulin Oral medication and insulin injections as well as diet and exercise are used to control IDD Cannot be reversed

  3. Types of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDD) Develops mainly during later adulthood, especially among overweight adults The pancreas produces insulin that cannot be used by the body Oral medication and insulin injections as well as diet and exercise are used to control NIDD, or diet and exercise alone can also control this condition Can be reversed when a person loses weight

  4. Symptoms Frequent urination Excessive thirst Weight loss Tiredness Lack of concentration Blurred vision

  5. Dietary Guidelines (HL) Reduce intake of foods high in saturated fat eg. cheese, butter, especially important to reduce type 2 diabetes Choose diabetic confectionery eg. diabetic chocolate, artificial sweeteners, to avoid blood glucose levels spiking Increase intake of high-fibre foods eg. wholegrain bread release glucose into the bloodstream slowly and steadily Choose low GI (glycaemic index) foods eg. porridge. High GI foods eg. cakes. Low GI foods release glucose into the bloodstream slowly and steadily Eat, regular, balanced meals to stabilise blood sugar levels help avoid hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia

  6. Learning Check 2011, HL, Section B, Q2

  7. Definition Plaque, which is composed of bacteria, food and saliva, is the main cause of dental disease. Plaque forms a coating on the outside of teeth and gums. Periodontal disease and dental caries or tooth decay occurs when plaque is allowed to remain on teeth.

  8. Periodontal Disease Bacteria in plaque produce toxins which causes inflammation of the gums and destruction of the bone holding the teeth in place Periodontal disease occurs when plaque builds up along the gum line The teeth become loose over time and may have to be extracted

  9. Dental cavities/tooth decay Bacteria in plaque react with food particles to produce an acid, which attacks the tooth enamel, weakening it Dental cavities occur when plaque is allowed to remain on teeth Over time a cavity(hole) will develop in the enamel, which eventually may expose the toot s nerve, leading to a tooth ache

  10. Dietary Changes Reduce the risk of dental disease Avoid high sugar foods eg. cakes, fizzy drinks Use artificial sweeteners eg . Canderel instead of sugar Choose high fibre breakfast cereals, eg Weetabix instead of high sugar options Choose water instead of fizzy drinks Avoid foods with hidden sugars eg corn syrup

  11. Dental Care Reducing the risk of dental disease Brush teeth at least twice per day and if possible after each meal Floss teeth daily Visit the dentist at least twice per year Choose a flouride toothpaste, flouride strengthens teeth and helps prevent tooth decay Use an antiseptic mouthwash to reduce build-up of bacteria and freshen breath

  12. Learning Check

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