Understanding the Holocaust: History and Impact
The Holocaust was a horrific genocide orchestrated by Nazis and their collaborators with the aim of annihilating the Jewish people. It involved systematic mass murder, displacements, and destruction of lives during World War II. Anti-Semitism, World War I, and World War II were key factors leading to this atrocity. Learn about the events, ideologies, and consequences surrounding one of the darkest chapters in human history.
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THE HOLOCAUST What do you know already? `
WHAT IS THE HOLOCAUST? The Holocaust was unprecedented genocide, total and systematic, perpetrated by Nazi Germany and its collaborators, with the aim of annihilating the Jewish people. The primary motivation was the Nazis anti-Semitic racist ideology. Between 1933 and 1941, Nazi Germany pursued a policy that dispossessed the Jews of their rights and their property, followed by the branding and concentration of the Jewish population. This policy gained broad support in Germany and much of occupied Europe. In 1941, following the invasion of the Soviet Union, the Nazis and their collaborators launched the systematic mass murder of the Jews. By 1945, nearly six million Jews had been murdered.
GENOCIDE In 1948, the United Nations defined genocide as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole, or in part a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group including Killing members of the group Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
ANTI-SEMITISM Anti-Semitism is the term for the hatred of Jews as group or as a concept. As far back as ancient times, Jews were often seen as outsiders and a stubborn people who were unwilling to assimilate, primarily because of their religious beliefs. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party did not invent anti-Semitism, but it was central to their ideology. They believed the Germans were the master race in the world. Their goal was to make Germany a superpower by conquering lands of supposedly lesser people . For the Nazis, the Jews were the archenemy. They blamed Jews for all of humanity s shortfalls and troubles.
WHAT EVENTS LED TO THE HOLOCAUST? Anti-Semitism World War I World War II
WORLD WAR I The Great War The War to End All Wars
WORLD WAR I The Allies included Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United States. These countries fought against the Central Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. Archduke Ferdinand, of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by a Serb on June 28, 1914. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Lusitania Zimmerman Telegram Treaty of Versailles
WWI THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES The main points of the Treaty [BRAT] BRAT: Blame, Reparations, Army, Territory 1. Blame: Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war. This was vital because it provided the justification for The Holocaust. 2. Reparations: Germany had to pay Reparations (33 billion ) for the damage done during the war. 3. Army: Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force. It could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men. In addition, Germany was not allowed to place any troops in the Rhineland, the strip of land, 50 miles wide, next to France. 4. Territories: Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe. Germany s colonies were given to Britain and France.
NAZI PROPAGANDA In 1929, Hitler chose Josef Goebbels as his Minister of Propaganda. Goebbels developed extremely successful campaigns using simple slogans and images repeated over and again in order to win public support for the party. The Nazis spent huge sums on newspapers, leaflets and poster campaigns. Once the Nazis came to power Goebbels developed the Nazi s use of propaganda to even greater effect. He orchestrated large political military rallies to build support. These were vast, highly organized events with banners and marching bands. Using his own skills of oratory Hitler appealed to the patriotism of the German people. Mass media Control of the mass media was at the heart of Goebbels plan as he developed the cult of personality around Hitler. The rallies and Hitler s speeches were broadcast on radio, purchased very cheaply as they were produced by the stat
NAZI PROPAGANDA Goebbels sought to Nazify the whole of German culture, wiping away what Hitler saw as the decadence of 1920s Weimar Germany, painting instead a picture of a Germany with traditional values and with Hitler as the beloved F hrer. The promotion of Nazi racial policy was at the very center of Goebbels s message. The re-writing of school books and the production of anti-Semitic books, films and exhibitions supported this policy.
KRISTALLNACHT On November 9 to November 10, 1938, in an incident known as Kristallnacht , Nazis in Germany torched synagogues, vandalized Jewish homes, schools and businesses and killed close to 100 Jews. In the aftermath of Kristallnacht, also called the Night of Broken Glass, some 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to Nazi concentration camps. German Jews had been subjected to repressive policies since 1933, when Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) became chancellor of Germany. However, prior to Kristallnacht, these Nazi policies had been primarily nonviolent. After Kristallnacht, conditions for German Jews grew increasingly worse. During World War II (1939-45), Hitler and the Nazis implemented their so-called Final Solution to the what they referred to as the Jewish problem, and carried out the systematic murder of some 6 million European Jews in what came to be known as the Holocaust.
WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED ABOUT THE HOLOCAUST? Write your response to the following on the next page of your Holocaust booklet: Write a short paragraph telling what you have learned about events leading up to The Holocaust.
WORLD WAR II World War 2 was fought between two groups of countries. On one side were the Axis Powers, including Germany, Italy and Japan. On the other side were the Allies. They included Britain, France, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, India, the Soviet Union, China and the United States of America.
HOLOCAUST TIMELINE March 1933 Nazis open Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen and Ravensbruck concentration camps April 1933 Nazis stage boycott of Jewish businesses. April 1933 Gestapo is born (German police) May 1933 Burning of books throughout Germany September 1933 Nazis exclude Jews from The Arts September 1933 Nazis prohibit Jews from owning land. October 1933 Jews are prohibited from being newspaper editors
HOLOCAUST TIMELINE May 1934 Jews are not allowed National Health Insurance June 1934 The Night of The Long Knives August 1934 Hitler gets a 90% Yes vote from German voters approving his new powers. May 1935 Nazis ban Jews from serving in the military September 1935 Nuremberg Law decreed February 10, 1936 German Gestapo placed above the law. March 1936 Deathshead division is established to guard concentration camps
HOLOCAUST TIMELINE March 1936 Nazis occupy Rhineland January 1937 Jews are banned from many professional occupations. April 1938 Nazis order Jews to register wealth and property July 1938 Jewish doctors prohibited from practicing medicine September1938 Jews are prohibited from all legal practice. November 1938 Jewish pupils are expelled from all non-Jewish German schools February 1939 Nazis force Jews to hand over all gold and silver items.
HOLOCAUST TIMELINE April 1939 Jews lose rights as tenants and relocated to Jewish housing July 1939 German Jews denied right to hold government job September 1939 Jewish curfew begins September 1939 Heydrich issues instructions regarding treatment of Jews, stating they are to be gathered into ghettos near railroads for the future final goal. September 1939 German Jews are forbidden to won radio sets
HOLOCAUST TIMELINE October 1939 Proclamation by Hitler on the isolation of Jews. October 1939 Forced Labor decree issued for Polish Jews aged 14 to 60. November 1939 Yellow stars required to be worn by Polish Jews over age 10. January 1940 Nazi choose the tow of Auschwitz in Poland as new concentration camp. April 1940 The Lodz Ghetto in occupied Poland is sealed off from outside world with 230,000 Jews locked inside. November 1940 Krakow Ghetto is sealed off with 70,000 Jews inside
HOLOCAUST TIMELINE November 1940 Warsaw Ghetto is sealed off containing over 400,000 Jews. June 1941 Hitler orders the Final Solution to the Jewish Problem in Auschwitz.
FIRST THEY CAME FOR THE COMMUNISTS, BUT I WAS NOT A COMMUNIST, SO I DID NOT SPEAK OUT. THEN THEY CAME FOR THE SOCIALISTS AND THE TRADE UNIONISTS, BUT I WAS NEITHER, SO I DID NOT SPEAK OUT. THEN THEY CAME FOR THE JEWS, BUT I WAS NOT A JEW, SO I DID NOT SPEAK OUT. AND WHEN THEY CAME FOR ME, THERE WAS NO ONE LEFT TO SPEAK OUT FOR ME. Martin Niemoeller
ANNE FRANK In spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart. I simply can t build up my hopes on a foundation consisting of confusion, misery, and death. I see the world gradually being turned into a wilderness, I hear the ever approaching thunder, which will destroy us too, I can feel the sufferings of millions and yet, if I look up into the heavens, I think that it will all come right, that this cruelty too will end, and that peace and tranquility will return again.
CONCEPTS AND INFORMATION What new information did you learn in this study of The Holocaust? Did your perception of the events of The Holocaust change because of this unit of study? Write one paragraph beginning with this sentence: If I could teach you about The Holocaust, this is what I would want you to know .
WORKS CITED http://www.theholocaustexplained.org/ks4/the-nazification-of-germany/impact-of- the-nazi-state/how-did-the-nazis-use-propaganda/#.VzS62rYrIdU www.history.com www.goodreads.com/ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/
