Enhancing Research and Learning in Creative Disciplines
Explore the role of research in creative disciplines, the importance of universities in fostering knowledge exchange, and initiatives like the UK Higher Education Funding Council and EU programs to enhance research, learning, and innovation in higher education.
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Research and its practice in creative disciplines Professor Judith Mottram Dean School of Material, Royal College of Art
The role of the University A University is a place whither students come from every quarter for every kind of knowledge; a place for the communication and circulation of thought, by means of personal intercourse. It is the place to which a thousand schools make contributions; in which the intellect may safely range and speculate. It is a place where inquiry is pushed forward, discoveries verified and perfected, and error exposed, by the collision of mind with mind, and knowledge with knowledge. Mutual education, in a large sense of the word, is one of the great and incessant occupations of human society. One generation forms another. We must consult the living man and listen to his living voice, by familiar intercourse to adjust together the claims and relations of their respective subjects of investigation. Thus is created a pure and clear atmosphere of thought, which the student also breathes. Newman, J.H. The idea of the University. Notre Dame University Press. 1852
The UK Higher Education Funding Council Enhancing excellence in learning and teaching To ensure that all higher education students benefit from a high quality learning experience fully meeting their needs and the needs of the economy and society. Enhancing excellence in research To develop and sustain a dynamic and internationally competitive research sector that makes a major contribution to economic prosperity and national wellbeing and to the expansion and dissemination of knowledge. Enhancing the contribution of HE to the economy and society To increase the impact of the higher education knowledge base to enhance economic development and the strength and vitality of society. http://www.hefce.ac.uk/about/
EU Knowledge lies at the heart of the European Union's Lisbon Strategy to become the " most dynamic competitive knowledge-based economy in the world". The ' knowledge triangle' - research, education and innovation - is a core factor in European efforts to meet the ambitious Lisbon goals. Numerous programmes, initiatives and support measures are carried out at EU level in support of knowledge. http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/understand_en.html
Background to EU Bologna declaration Magna Charta Universitatum, 18 September 1988 at the approaching end of this millennium the future of mankind depends largely on cultural, scientific and technical development . Sorbonne Declaration, 25 May 1998. the Europe we are building is not only that of the euro, the banks and the economy, it must be a Europe of knowledge as well . Bologna Declaration, 19 June 1999 introduction of the three cycle system (bachelor/master/doctorate), quality assurance and recognition of qualifications and periods of study
Main areas of reform for EU universities to increase the number of higher education graduates; to improve the quality and relevance of teaching and researcher training, to equip graduates with the knowledge and core transferable competences they need to succeed in high-skill occupations; to provide more opportunities for students to gain additional skills through study or training abroad, and to encourage cross-border co- operation to boost higher education performance; to strengthen the "knowledge triangle", linking education, research and business and to create effective governance and funding mechanisms in support of excellence.
Indian Science & technology policy 2003 The New Vision To build a new and resurgent India that continues to maintain its strong democratic and spiritual traditions, that remains secure not only militarily but also socially and economically, it is important to draw on the many unique civilizational qualities that define the inner strength of India; this has been intrinsically based on an integrated and holistic view of nature and of life. The Science and Technology Policy 2003 will be implemented so as to be in harmony with our world view of the larger human family all around. It will ensure that science and technology truly uplifts the Indian people and indeed all of humanity. http://dst.gov.in/stsysindia/stp2003.htm#c4 UGC 11thFive Year Plan http://www.ugc.ac.in/11plan/english11/english11plan.html
Indian UGC 11thFive year plan Quality requires imparting education by enabling the students to be more creative and innovative; Relevance of higher education requires promotion of such education which serves as human resource for economic, social and cultural development of the country; To achieve that end the curriculum should be such that it gives (a) basic foundation in the various subjects and disciplines to the students (b) also promotes skills (c) facilitates employability and (d) right values that meet the human resource requirement for economic, social and cultural ends of the society, To realise these goals, UGC helps the universities and colleges to develop curriculum with latest knowledge in the subject, promote vocational and career oriented courses, and courses that promote human rights values.
All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) promote innovations, R&D in established and new technologies; generation, adoption and adaptation of newer technologies to meet development requirements and for overall improvement of educational process;10(e) - formulate schemes for promoting technical education for women, handicapped and weaker sections of the society; and 10(f) - promote an effective link between technical education system and other relevant systems including R&D organizations, industry and the community. Research and development activities are considered as an essential component of higher education because of their role in creating new knowledge and insight and imparting excitement and dynamism to the educational process, as well as make them need based in view of the national requirements. AICTE Research Schemes http://www.aicte.ernet.in/ResearchSchemes.htm
Association of American Universities America s Research Universities: Institutions in service to the nation If we are to remain preeminent in transforming knowledge into economic value, America's system of higher education must remain the world's leader in generating scientific and technological breakthroughs and in meeting the challenge to educate workers . The raison d' tre of the American research university is to ask questions and solve problems. Together, the nation's research universities constitute an exceptional national resource, with unique capabilities: America's research universities are at the forefront of innovation; they perform about half of the nation's basic research. The expert knowledge that is generated in our research universities is renowned worldwide; this expertise is being applied to real-world problems every day. By combining cutting-edge research with graduate and undergraduate education, our research universities are also training new generations of leaders in all fields. http://www.aau.edu/research/article.aspx?id=4670
US Carnegie model of differentiating HEIs Doctorate-granting Universities Includes institutions that award at least 20 doctoral degrees per year (excluding doctoral-level degrees that qualify recipients for entry into professional practice, such as the JD, MD, PharmD, DPT, etc.). Excludes Special Focus Institutions and Tribal Colleges. RU/VH: Research Universities (very high research activity) RU/H: Research Universities (high research activity) DRU: Doctoral/Research Universities http://classifications.carnegiefoundation.org
Australian definition of research publication: research publications are books, book chapters, journal articles and/or conference publications which meet the definition of research and are characterised by: substantial scholarly activity, as evidenced by discussion of the relevant literature, an awareness of the history and antecedents of work described, and provided in a format which allows a reader to trace sources of the work, including through citations and footnotes originality (i.e. not a compilation of existing works) veracity/validity through a peer validation process or by satisfying the commercial publisher processes increasing the stock of knowledge being in a form that enables dissemination of knowledge. frascati manual
UK definition of research outputs (REF 2014) For the purposes of the REF, research is defined as a process of investigation leading to new insights, effectively shared: It includes work of direct relevance to the needs of commerce, industry, and to the public and voluntary sectors; scholarship; the invention and generation of ideas, images, performances, artefacts including design, where these lead to new or substantially improved insights; and the use of existing knowledge in experimental development to produce new or substantially improved materials, devices, products and processes, including design and construction. It excludes routine testing and routine analysis of materials, components and processes such as for the maintenance of national standards, as distinct from the development of new analytical techniques. It also excludes the development of teaching materials that do not embody original research.
Research in art & design - a short history 1960s 1stten PhDs in art & design 1970 Coldstream report 1974 National Council for Diplomas in Art & Design merged with CNAA 1984 CNAA statement on infusing teaching with a sense of critical enquiry 1985 100thart & design PhD in the UK 1988 CNAA conference: The Matrix of Research in Art & Design Education 1992 Establishment of post-1992 universities 1996 First substantial submission from Art & Design to RAE 2000 500thPhD in Art & Design in the UK 2010 Creative arts & design PhD completions reaching 500 p.a.
Models of creativity, 1980s - necessary and sufficient components investment theory/conditions for creativity high creativity and normal ( democratic ) creativity immersion in field Amabile Sternberg Boden Czikszentmihalyi
Creative practices and match to theories personality traits: cognitive styles: Breaking perceptual set Breaking cognitive set Understanding complexities Keeping response options open as long as possible Suspending judgement Using wide categories Remembering accurately Breaking out of performance scripts Perceiving creatively High degree of self-discipline in matters concerning work Ability to delay gratification Perseverance in face of frustration Independence of judgement Tolerance for ambiguity High degree of autonomy Absence of sex-role stereotyping Internal locus of control Willingness to take risks High level of self-initiated, task orientated striving for excellence
How might we describe knowledge? 'Knowledge is information that changes something or somebody - either by becoming grounds for action, or by making an individual (or an institution) capable of different and more effective action.' (Drucker, 1990) Three types of knowledge (Goranzon, 1988): practical knowledge - from personal experience of practice knowledge of familiarity - from the work of other practitioners propositional knowledge - from the study of facts, concepts, theories 'knowledge of familiarity bestows viability on theoretical knowledge --- [and] theoretical knowledge is essential to provide a direction for experience.' (Goranzen & Josefson, 1988)
Knowledge, creative practice & practice-related research The tension view Dominant ideology Their theory and our practice
Knowledge of or information about creative practice Where do we keep what we know Libraries Museums Archives Models of research and data generation Data: Information: Knowledge Untapped data resources REF submissions PhD abstracts
Reputations, aesthetic objects and modelling systems Artprice.com ArtTactic.com Artfacts.net Artinsight.co.uk artists, key figures and market trends unbiased art market research unlock the art market talks and events delivering art market knowledge, insight and expertise Scope for data mining New methods of tracking social networks
Interrogating RAE and REF data 2001 What was submitted? What was international standing? What disciplines in art and design were doing research? Were there correlations between institutional grades and outputs?
What was submitted? 9242 outputs by 2523 academics in 75 HEI s av. 123 outputs/institution, 34 staff/institution Type of output: 63% of submissions were outcomes of practice 22% of submissions were text-based
Text and practice-based submissions, 2001: N= % 5.0 A authored book 459 1.6 B edited book 150 6.1 C chapter in book 564 8.9 D journal article 819 7.6 E conference contribution 699 40.5 O exhibition 3747 9.3 P artefact 861 10.5 N design 970
H-0149 H-0185 H-0131 H-0003 H-0062 H-0052 H-0062 H-0044 H-0003 H-0044 H-0052 H-0072 H-0044 H-0003 H-0003 H-0003 H-0131 H-0131 H-0052 H-0052 H-0149 H-0052 H-0003 H-0131 H-0149 H-0185 H-0003 H-0067 H-0149 H-0044 H-0149 H-0052 H-0131 H-0062 H-0008 H-0003 H-0149 England England England England England England England London London London England London London London London London London London London London London London London London England England London London England England England London London England England England England 5 5 5 5 3a 4 3a 3a 5 3a 4 3b 3a 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 3a 5 3a 5 4 5 3a 3a 5 5 Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool Walsall Art Gallery & tour Walsall Museum & Art Gallery Walsall Museum & Art Gallery Warehouse Gallery, Lancaster Warehouse Gallery, University of North London IN-SITE Watermans Arts Centre Field Watermans Arts Centre SEEING BELIEVING 183557 Watershed Media Centre, Bristol "Gaze: The Anxious Sign" Well Hung, London Man as Muse Wellcome Trust Two 10 Gallery, London N01SE Whitechapel Solo exhibition: Blizzard seventy-seven Whitechapel Protest and Survive 181731 Whitechapel Examining Pictures: Exhibiting Paintings Whitechapel Mirror Mirror. Whitechapel Examining Pictures, Exhibiting Paintings. Whitechapel "Field of Dreams" Whitechapel "A Different Kind of Show" Whitechapel Live in Your Head: Concept and Experiment in Britain, 1965-1975 217077 Whitechapel "Bookcase" 184527 Whitechapel Elektra House 181683 Whitechapel Joanna Short 208291 Whitworth Gallery Urbasuburba 217104 Whitworth Gallery Material Evidence : Improvisations on a Historical Theme 241177 Wigmore Fine Arts, London Holy Land Series 181770 Wolsely Fine Arts, London DAVID JONES: AN INTERPRETATION OF HIS POETRY AND WRITING BY CONTEMPORARY LETTERING ARTISTS 187713 Wolverhampton Art Gallery Look Out: Art, Society, Politics 217087 Wolverhampton Art Gallery LOOK OUT ART-SOCIETY-POLITICS 183581 Wolverhampton Art Gallery Mountain 217100 Wolverton Town Square Design, Wolverton Town Square 184504 Woodlands Art Gallery, London Howard Jeffs Works 208265 Yorkshire Sculpture Park Joanna Mowbray: New Steel Sculpture and Drawings. Lecture "Through and Around" - November Lecture Series 186470 Yorkshire Sculpture Park Ingress 181832 Yorkshire Sculpture Park Before I Arrived 181780 Yorkshire Sculpture Park Edward Allington: Pictured Bronzes 217073 John Moores Liverpool Exhibition 19 John Moores Liverpool Exhibition Painting at John Moores Open. Girl The Flow "Me and You" 'CEDE' Paintings 217099 241174 208242 181714 186477 184496 186453 183571 181728 Venue data 184484 189362 183574 181717 181759 208284 208286 184525 184496 Excel file Excel file
International and national excellence, 2001: What was international standing? What was submitted? 3747 exhibitions 4 Tate Bankside event"Broadcast" 5 5 5 4 5 3a 3b 5 Tate Liverpool Tate Liverpool Tate Liverpool Tate Liverpool Tate Liverpool Tate St Ives Tate St Ives Tate St Ives Tate St Ives & tour Somewhere Else Wait. Video Positive Credo - solo show Urban Pete Gillies: Artist in Residence One Person Show Exposure 3b Tate Britain 5 Tate Britain 5 Tate Britain 5 Tate Britain 5 Tate Britain 5 Tate London 5 Tate London 5 Tate Modern 5 Tate Modern 4 Tate Modern Tate Modern/St Christophers Stop it write now! (installation) Bernard Cohen - Artist in Focus Stop it Write Now. The Wing of the Wind of Madness Intelligence: New British Art 2000 Artists' Film and Video Series The Turner Prize Blackstone River North Killer Kitten. "The Wedding Project" 5 Triplicate Different Seas 3b Bankside Browser
Exhibition venues 2445 of the 3748 exhibition outputs cleaned-up to enable sorting by venue 832 different venues identified 764 venues cited in 1 or 2 outputs only 68 venues showed 3 or more separate submissions 10 of these 68 venues had shows from only one institution 32 of these 68 venues were cited by institutions receiving different grades 19 of these 68 venues were cited only by 5 rated institutions
London and England, venues by frequency location Freq. location Freq. Crafts Council V&A Whitechapel Flowers East, London ICA RA Design Museum, London London Fashion Week Bonnington Gallery, Nottingham Brighton University Gallery Cornerhouse, Manchester Jill George Gallery Lux Centre RCA South London Gallery Tate Britain Tate Liverpool 100% Design Boots PLC Design Week Folio Society John Hansard Gallery Richard Salmon Gallery Royal Festival Hall Site Gallery, Sheffield Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool Yorkshire Sculpture Park Angel Row, Nottingham & tour Barbican Art Gallery, London Brighton Museum & Art Gallery Contemporary Applied Arts, London Crafts Council & tour Derby Museum Gasworks Gallery, London 21 15 11 Goldsmiths Hall, London Hart Gallery, London Lisson London Institute Gallery Mall Galleries Matts Gallery Montage Gallery, Derby National Portrait Gallery, London Richard Salmon Gallery & tour Science Museum Standpoint Gallery, London & tour Tate Modern Tate St Ives Walsall Museum & Art Gallery Wolverhampton Art Gallery Anna Bornholt Gallery, London BANK , London Banner Ltd, London Barrett Marsden Gallery, London Bernard Jacobson, London Bournville, Birmingham Brewery Arts Centre, Kendal Cheltemham & Gloscester College Christopher Hull Gallery Coningsby Gallery, London Connaught Brown Gallery, London Delphina Gallery Design Yard, Dublin, & Barbican Centre, London Diorama Gallery, London Economist Plaza ENO, The Coliseum, London Hatton Gallery Hayward Gallery Ikon Gallery 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 9 8 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Journals All journal names cleaned to enable sorting 820 journal articles appeared in 476 different journals 321 journals published only one RAE submitted output 76 journals published 3 or more RAE submitted outputs 22 of this 76 included outputs from one institution only So 54 journals of note?
Journal data H-0066 D International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology IJCST Count Design Issues Design Issues Design Issues Design Issues Design Issues Design Issues Design Issues Count Drawing Fire Drawing Fire Drawing Fire 4 187404 Simulation of Flow Lines in Clothing Manufacture (Part 1 & 2) H-0068 D 4 188134 Simulation of Flowlines in Clothing Manufacture. Part 2: Credibility Issues and Experimentation 188139 The Bra Design Process: A Study of Professional Practice H-0068 D 4 H-0066 D 4 187399 Water Vapour Transfer in Waterproof Breathable Fabrics: Under Rainy and Windy Conditions 188139 Towards the Virtual Garment: Three Dimensional Computer Environments for Garment Design 187399 Engineering of Clothing Systems for Improved Thermophysical Comfort H-0068 D 4 H-0066 D 4 H-0068 D 4 188139 Computer Aided Designers? A Study of Garment Designers' Attitudes Towards Computer Aided Design 7 H-0123 H-0064 H-0053 H-0052 H-0086 H-0073 D D D D D D 3a 3a 3b 4 5 3a 204465 Olympus and the Market-Place: Reyner Banham's design criticism 186780 Gendered by Design: How Womens Place in Design is still Defined by Gender 184761 Flying, stealing:Design's improper criticism 184511 "Quantifying the Unquantifiable: An Enquiry Into The Design Process" 192031 Accidental Machines:Understanding How We Understand New Technologies 189620 The Digital Crowd: some questions on globalisation and agency. 6 H-0152 H-0052 H-0066 D D D 4 4 4 217920 Perceptions, professions and precious practices 184494 "Feminism and Art Education" 187385 Trans-Dialogues - A Discussion Between the Artists Anne Grebby, Dunbar and Leif EC Liebenschutz 186463 On Appraisal H-0062 D Drawing Fire Drawing Fire Count Bulletin of Japanese Society for the Science of Design Bulletin of Japanese Society for the Science of Design Bulletin of Japanese Society for the Science of Design Bulletin of Japanese Society for the Science of Design BJSSD Count Burlington Magazine Burlington Magazine Burlington Magazine Burlington Magazine Burlington Magazine Count 3a 4 H-0113 D 4 197203 Cognitive categorisation in Japanese recreational vehicle design (3) H-0113 D 4 197203 Recommendation Models of Television Program Genre, Based on Survey and Analysis of Behaviour in Watching Television 197203 Attention Points in Street Furniture Design H-0113 D 4 H-0113 D 4 197203 Cognitive categorisation in Japanese recreational vehicle design (2) 4 H-0156 H-0003 H-0009 H-0009 D D D D 4 5 3a 3a 224708 Poussin and Nonnos 181715 Pigment Analysis of Portrait Miniatures using Raman Microscopy 181917 The English Cross-frame Chair, 1694-1715 181917 The English Horsebone Chair, 1685-1710 Excel file Excel file 4
Journals, by frequency Journal title freq. Journal title freq. Design Studies Design Journal Journal of Art & Design Education POINT Information Design Journal Digital Creativity Eye International Review of Graphic Design Leonardo Printmaking Today Art History Journal of Design His tory Typography Papers International Journal of Clothing Science and Tech. International Journal of Vehicle Design Journal of Architecture Third Text Co-Design Convergence Magazine Design Issues Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management Journal of Photographic Science Matrix The Silver Society Journal Virtual Reality Ceramic Review Contemporary Visual Arts IEE Electronics Letters Journal of Engineering Design Journal of the Institute of Wood Science Journal of the Textile Institute Oxford Art Journal Parallax Bulletin of Japanese Society for the Science of Design 22 20 18 18 14 13 10 10 10 Burlington Magazine Crafts Drawing Fire Fashion Theory Futures Journal of Research in Reading Journal of Sustainable Product Design Performance Research Planning and Design Printing Historical Society Bulletin Society of Automotive Engineers Transactions Technovation Visible Language Apollo Applied Ergonomics Architectural History Blackwell Science Pubs: Veterinary International Ceramics Technical Color Research and Application Computer-Aided Design Contemporary Music Review (Harwood Academic) Critical Quarterly Cultural Trends Design Management Ergonomics Graphics International Illustrator International Journal of Production Research Journal of Computer Networks and ISDN Systems Journal of Design and Technology Education Journal of Gender Studies Journal of New Music Research Journal of the National Assoc iation for Design Education 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
RAE 2001 output types for different UoAs: Art & Design Engineering Built Environment UoA64 UoA30 UoA33 % % Publication type outputs outputs outputs % O: exhibition 3748 40.6 0 0 6 0.2 P: artefact 862 9.3 0 0 20 0.8 N: design 971 10.5 0 0 51 2.0 L: performance 144 1.6 0 0 1 0 M: composition 36 0.4 0 0 0 0 F: patent 41 0.4 13 0.3 5 0.2 62.8 0.3 3.0 5802 13 77 A: authored book 459 5.0 26 0.6 228 8.9 B: edited book 151 1.6 3 0.1 43 1.7 C: chapter in book 565 6.1 44 1.0 279 10.9 D: journal article 820 8.9 4039 92.8 1532 59.8 E: conference paper 600 6.5 207 4.8 320 12.0 22.1 99.2 93.7 2595 4319 2402 Total no. of outputs 9242 4353 2563
Implications of RAE 2001 data analysis Dissemination outlets of known standing : 58 venues for exhibitions 54 journals for articles Who sets the research agenda? Data quality Predominance of art over design
Changes in output types: 2001, 2008, 2014 number of output types 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 RAE 2001 RAE 2008 RAE art hist 08 REF 2014
% of output types, 2001, 2008, 2014 45.00 40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 rae2001 rae2008 art hist08 ref2014
Journals carrying articles submitted to RAE & REF 2001 Design Studies The Design Journal POINT Digital Creativity Leonardo Printmaking Today Art History Typography Papers 2008 Design Studies 2014 Art History 22 20 18 13 10 10 8 8 27 46 The Design Journal 24 The Design Journal Design Issues Oxford Art Journal 28 22 21 Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management 18 Journal of Visual Art Practice Third Text Design Issues Journal of Design History Fashion Theory 16 16 13 13 12 Applied Ergonomics 19 Visual Culture in Britain Third Text Journal of Design History The Gerontologist Leonardo Performance Research Design Studies Ergonomics Journal of Visual Art Practice Textile: The Journal of Cloth and Culture Art, Design and Communication in Higher Education 18 15 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 10 International Journal of Art & Design Education Design and Technology Education 12 11 International Journal of Human-Computer Studies Art, Design and Communication in Higher Education Performance Research Textile: The Journal of Cloth and Culture Visual Culture in Britain 10 9 9 9 9 9
Other considerations: spread of sub-disciplines % of RAE 2001 outputs % of phds 1996-05 Outputs and PhD completions Outputs and PhD completions textiles/fashion 8.67 7.86 architecture 5.87 19.90 design subjects 10.04 16.46 vis com 12.48 4.91 fine art 39.54 36.36 craft 8.11 3.93
REF 2014 research output dataset 6321 output records 2980 considered so far 1703 coded so far Method of coding Use of Joint Academic Classification (JACS) code review 300 word narrative, then web search for output and researcher Time to code Timed session, 65m19s, 26 records from less than a minute to 9 minutes Observations & issues
Spread of discipline codes found so far outputs coded % architecture, planning, interiors cinematics and photography clothing, fashion, textiles craft, jewellery, furniture, ceramics design studies, industrial & product design fine art graphics, typography, illustration interactive design museum studies and art & design history music and its history theatre & its history 41 397 148 145 186 272 54 59 271 19 110 2.41 23.33 8.70 8.52 10.93 15.98 3.17 3.47 15.92 1.12 6.46
Interrogating PhD abstracts 1955-2008 2008-2015
UK design students at ugrad, pgrad & doc all CA&D docs all CA&D students Fine art Fine art Design studies Design studies Music Music Drama Drama Dance Dance Cinematics & photography Crafts Cinematics & photography Crafts Imaginative writing Imaginative writing Others in creative arts & design Others in creative arts & design 11 September 2024
The PhD in the EU With 111,000 new doctorates awarded each year, the European Union produces nearly twice as many doctorates as the USA Bologna Policy Forum Statement , Vienna, March 12, 2010 To address the great societal challenges, we need more cooperation among the higher education and research systems of the different world regions. While respecting the autonomy of higher education institutions with their diverse missions, we will therefore continue our dialogue and engage in building a community of practice from which all may draw inspiration and to which all can contribute. 11 September 2024
Dewey, JACS and precision in terminology Coding schema Systematics Thoroughness
730 Sculpture and related arts 731-735 Sculpture 732 Sculpture from earliest times to ca. 500, sculpture of nonliterate peoples 733 Greek, Etruscan, Roman sculpture 734 *Sculpture from ca. 500 to 1399 735.2 Specific periods 735.21 *1400-1799 735.22 *1800-1899 736-739 Other plastic arts 736-739 Other plastic arts 736 Carving and carvings 737 Numismatics and sigillography 738 Ceramic arts 739 Art metalwork 740 Graphic arts & decorative arts 740 Graphic arts [formerly 760] and decorative arts 741 Drawing and drawing 742 Perspective in drawing 743 *Drawing and drawings by subject 746Textile arts 747 Interior decoration 748 Glass 749 Furniture and accessories 750 Painting 750Painting and paintings 751*Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials, forms 752*Color 753-758Iconography 759History, geographic treatment, biography 759.01-759.07 Periods of development 759.01*Nonliterate peoples, and earliest times to 499 759.02 *500-1399 759.03 *1400-1599 759.04 *1600-1799 759.05 *1800-1899 759.06*1900-1999 759.07*2000-2099 760Printmaking and prints 760[.044]Iconography of graphic arts 760[.09]History, geographic treatment, biography of graphic arts 760.1Philosophy and theory 760.2Miscellany 760.7Education, research, related topics 760[.9]History, geographic treatment, biography 761-767 Printmaking [768][Unassigned] 769 Prints Dewey categorisation of EThoS records [744][Unassigned] 745 Decorative arts 701-708 Standard subdivisions of fine and decorative arts 701 Philosophy and theory of fine and decorative arts 702 Miscellany of fine and decorative arts 703 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances of fine and decorative arts 704 Special topics in fine and decorative arts 705 Serial publications of fine and decorative arts 706 Organizations and management of fine and decorative arts 707 Education, research, related topics of fine and decorative arts 708 Galleries, museums, private collections of fine and decorative arts 709 History, geographic treatment, biography
The scale of the UK education field first degrees subjects of first degree graduates, UK universities, 2013-14 Combined Education Creative arts & design Historical & philosophical studies Languages Mass communications & documentation Business & administrative studies Law Social studies Architecture, building & planning Engineering & technology Computer sciences Mathematical sciences Physical sciences Agriculture & related subjects Veterinary sciences Biological sciences Subjects allied to medicine Medicine & dentistry 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Thousands
First degrees and PhDs subjects of first degree graduates and doctorates, UK universities, 2013-14 Combined Education Creative arts & design Historical & philosophical studies Languages Mass communications & documentation Business & administrative studies Law Social studies Architecture, building & planning Engineering & technology Computer sciences Mathematical sciences Physical sciences Agriculture & related subjects Veterinary sciences Biological sciences Subjects allied to medicine Medicine & dentistry 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Doctorate scale is in 1000s First degree scale is in 10000s
PhDs by subject, 1976-2005 - Creative Arts and Design in the Art & Design Index to Theses Subject group total, 1976-2005, ADIT Creative art &des other Vis com Textiles/fashion Photo/film Fine art Design subjects Craft Architecture 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
PhDs by subject, 2008-2012 British Library Dewey classification art & craft PhD theses 2008-2012 by Dewey category prints 1900-1999 iconography techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials, forms painting glass textile arts decorative arts drawing graphic arts art metalwork ceramic arts other plastic arts sculpture sculture and related arts galleries, museums, private collections of fine and decorative arts education, research, related topics of fine and decorative arts special topics in fine and decorative arts miscellany of fine and decorative arts philosophy and theory of fine and decorative arts 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Data, definitions and descriptions The data-driven demands of the modern workplace Count us in: Quantitative Skills for a New Generation Statistics may rule our lives, but they are no way to measure the true value of the arts (Andrew Marr, Observer, 29.07.01) Black box theory Caillois wanted to cut the bean open to find out its secret, while Breton was offended by such a suggestion, arguing that such an approach would dispel the bean s mystery and undermine its potential for poetic speculation in its viewers minds (Marquard Smith, Post-screen literacy, 2015)
Making sense: the field of practice-related research Who does practice related research? How much activity there is and where is it? What is distinctive about it? How innovation happens How learning happens How innovation is disseminated What is it for? What can we do better if we understand it more?
