Impacts and Implications of Climate Change on Groundwater Resources
Climate change has significant effects on groundwater resources, impacting storage, abstraction, and regulation. These impacts lead to challenges in water supply management, with implications on socio-ecological activities such as water stress, drought, and disease outbreaks. Understanding these consequences is crucial for effective resource preservation and regulation.
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CLIMATE CHANGE & BOREHOLE DRILLING CLIMATE CHANGE & BOREHOLE DRILLING REGULATION: IMPACTS AND IMPLICATIONS REGULATION: IMPACTS AND IMPLICATIONS Presented Presented By: By: PERMANENT SECRETARY PERMANENT SECRETARY MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES. RESOURCES.
SUB TOPIC 1: IMPACTS AND IMPLICATIONS SUB TOPIC 1: IMPACTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GROUNDWATER OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GROUNDWATER STORAGE. STORAGE. SUB TOPIC 2: GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION SUB TOPIC 2: GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION REGULATION IN OYO STATE. REGULATION IN OYO STATE.
SUB TOPIC I IMPACTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GROUNDWATER STORAGE
CLIMATE CHANGE? Climate is the average weather condition of a place which has been studied for almost 35 years. Climate change is a shift in those average condition occasioned mostly by anthropogenic activities. Climate change poses uncertainties to the supply and management of water resources.
Climate Change Cont While Climate change affects surface water resources directly through changes in the long- term climate variables such as air temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration, the relationship between the changing climate variables and Groundwater is more complicated and poorly understood.
Hydrologically, climate change can impact; Amount of soil infiltration; Deeper percolation; Groundwater recharge; Evaporative demand overland which limits the amount of water to replenish groundwater.
The implications of climate change on socio- ecological activities: Imposing additional stress on water resources; Raising the probability of severe drought and flood occurrences; Over dependency on groundwater; High risk of diseases epidemic; Reduction in work efficiency and low productivity; Depletion of aquifers especially small and shallow ones etc.
SUB TOPIC II GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION REGULATION IN OYO STATE.
WHY DO WE NEED GROUNDWATER REGULATION? Cont The quest to reduce cases of unproductive/abortive wells and get value for money; The need to professionalize borehole drilling sector; To minimize the effect of climate change on water resources; The desire of Government to ensure sustainable access to potable water supply on one hand and elimination of quacks on the other hand; The need to mitigate Seismic movement and land subsidence e.g. Earthquakes, Tremor, land slide; Prevent pollution and loss of Groundwater aquifer; To curb indiscriminate exploitation of Groundwater and destruction of public infrastructures etc.
AUTHORIZATION/LEGAL FRAMEWORK Environmental (Sanitation and Waste Control) Regulation, 2013; A law for the establishment of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, 2020; Oyo State Proposed Groundwater Abstraction Regulation, 2021.
SCOPE It specifies the minimum requirements for drillers, supervising personnel and equipment to ensure cost effective borehole construction and sustainable water resources management in the State; It also specifies the criteria for choosing the location, construction, maintenance and abandonment of borehole and the installation of pumps and pumping equipment; It is applicable to all wells/boreholes to be constructed, rehabilitated or abandoned regardless of depth for public and private water consumption in the State.
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS The Regulation notifies all sector stakeholders that: Possession of evidence of registration by a drilling company is a legal requirement; Permits shall be obtained for borehole construction; Geophysical survey and borehole completion reports shall be certified by registered practitioners and submitted in the office of the Commissioner responsible for water resources; Authentication of borehole completion and geophysical survey reports shall be the responsibility of hydrogeologists registered by COMEG; Authentication of water quality analysis reports shall be the responsibility of duly registered analyst from an accredited laboratory; All offenders of provisions of this regulation shall be prosecuted in the Environmental Tribunal of Oyo State Environmental Task Force.
DRILLING PERMIT No borehole shall be constructed unless the driller is in possession of a valid permit to do so. A drilling permit shall authorize the construction of one or multiple boreholes in specified location(s) in compliance with the conditions of approval specified for that purpose. Permit shall be given by the Ministry in charge of Water Resources. An application for drilling permit shall be completed in the specified form as shown in Schedule I
SCHEDULE I OYO STATE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES Application for borehole drilling Permit A.1 BACGROUND INFORMATION Date of Application: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Name of Owner: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Address: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Telephone Number(s): ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Location of borehole: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Latitude: -----------------------------Longitude: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Address (if different from owner s address): ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A.2 BOREHOLE INFORMATION Type of borehole (indicate one) { } Public Water Supply { } Individual Domestic borehole { } Industrial borehole { } Agricultural borehole { } Monitoring borehole { } others (specify):
A.3 BOREHOLE PLAN AND CONSTRUCTION DETAILS Attach dully endorsed hydrogeological/geophysical report. The borehole pump will be of the____________________ (submersible or handpump) A.4 DECLARATION I (Name and Title) state that I have knowledge of the fact herein set and that the same are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief and are made on good faith. Signature: Date: A.5 AUTHORIZED AGENCY CLEARANCE { } Approved { } Hold for further evaluation { } Disapproved Remark(s): Name: (Authorized Representative) Rank: Signature: Date:
(FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY) Inspection of the borehole site was conducted on: .. .. By: . Findings: Review of Hydrologist/Water Resources Engineer/Hydrogeologist Date: . Recommendation { } Approved { } Not Approved Reasons for Disapproval . Signature: Date: . Contractor License Number: .. Date Issued: .. ..Expiration Date: Borehole permit No: ..
REFUSAL OF PERMIT An application for permit shall be denied for any of the following reasons: (a) False or misleading information contained in the application form; (b) Failure of the applicant to submit the application with the appropriate fee; (c) Non compliance with other requirements of this Regulation; (d) Any other lawful ground stated by the Ministry. BOREHOLE DRILLERS REGISTRATION/LICENSING 1. This shall be granted by the Ministry responsible for water resources on application; 2. No individual or corporate body shall drill a borehole for the abstraction or monitoring of groundwater or for research without being registered in accordance with this regulation.
APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION/DRILLING LICENSE An applicant shall obtain and submit a prescribed application form as shown in schedule II, and fulfill the under listed requirements: a) Be duly incorporated in Nigeria under the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) to carry on business of borehole drilling; b) Shall have at least one Certified Geologist, Hydrogeologist, Hydrologist or water resources engineer in its employment; c) Possession of a functional drilling rig and other relevant equipment, indicating the following:- i. The name of the Company boldly written on it; ii. The description; iii. The lifespan; and iv. Operational status.
d) Evidence of drilling activities conducted in the past 2 years preceding the application or in the case of new company, evidence that the staff required in accordance with this Regulation is available in the Company. REGISTRATION FEE An applicant who qualifies for registration shall pay a prescribed registration fee as specified by the issuing Authority (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources).
SCHEDULE II OYO STATE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES APPLICATION FOR BOREHOLE DRILLING CONTRACOR LICENSE B.1 SECTION A GENERAL Date of Application: .. ii. Type of Application: .. { } New { } Renewal (if renewal, indicate previous Borehole Drillers License No: . i.
B.2 SECTION B- (For Individual Application Only) i. Name of Applicant: ii. Residential/Postal Address: State: Telephone No v. The following documents, statements and certifications shall be attached to this Application and submitted herewith: a. Evidence of applicant s three (3) years post qualification experience in drilling, iii. iv. b.Curriculum Vitae (CV) of applicant,
c. Qualification and experience statements, d. Recommendation from license driller or registered practicing professional (Hydrologist, Hydrogeologist or Water Resources Engineer) e. Evidence of Tax Clearance Certificate. f. Letter of recommendation from an association of borehole drillers and recognized by Government. g. I .acknowledge that the foregoing information provided by the applicant are to the best of my knowledge correct and that he/she has the required experience and skills to operate as a professional driller. Registration No: Date: Sign: .
B.3 SECTION (FOR CORPORATE APPLICATION ONLY) Name of corporate: i. Entity: . ii. Location/Postal Address: iii. State: LGA ..Ward iv. Authorized representative for the Corporate Entity Name: . Designation: . Telephone No: v. The following documents shall be attached to this application and herewith a. Certificate of Incorporation b. Company profile c. Evidence of Tax Clearance Certificates d. Evidence of Payment of VAT e. Letter of recommendation from any Association of borehole drillers and recognized by the government. f. vi. Signature of Authorized representative/Date.
REGISTRATION RENEWAL 1. 2. Registration/drilling license shall be renewed annually; A application for the renewal of license shall be made to the Ministry- Not later than 30 days after its expiration; and As provided in the relevant schedule of this Regulation. a. b. REFUSAL TO GRANT DRILLER S REGISTRATION/LICENSE 1) The Ministry shall refuse to grant a registration/ license to an applicant for any of the following reasons: a. False or misleading information contained in the application form. b. Failure of the applicant to submit the application with the appropriate processing fee; c. Non-compliance with other requirement of this regulations 2) A registration/license granted by the Ministry is subject to condition specified thereof.
REGISTER OF DRILLERS (a) Ministry shall maintain a register containing the particulars of registered drillers and the register shall be accessible to the public. (b) Extracts from the register may be obtained from Ministry on request and on payment of a fee. PENALTIES AND APPEALS Any person who violates any of the provisions of this Regulation shall be penalized in accordance with the provisions related to breach of grant of license under Rules made pursuant to this Regulation. Any order or decision of Ministry shall be appealable under Rules made pursuant to this Regulation.
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR BOREHOLE DRILLING A person who desires to drill a borehole in the State must possess the following A permit for drilling each borehole; A license to operate as a borehole drilling company; and Such other requirements as stated in this regulation. CONDITIONS FOR BOREHOLE DRILLING The following conditions are to be fulfilled in order to drill a borehole in the State No borehole shall be drilled in a manner that may lead to contamination or pollution of the aquifer; Each borehole shall be drilled in accordance with i. The terms and conditions attached to the permit granted;
The provisions of the National Code of Practice for water well construction; and Ministry s guidelines. Every borehole must be drilled based on the geology and groundwater conditions known to exist at the location as specified in the hydro-geological or geophysical report submitted by the driller; It shall be capable of producing, where obtainable, the quantity of water to support the desired uses of the borehole owner; and It shall be handled by a competent hydro-geologist. ii. iii.
BOREHOLE SITING AND LOCATION A borehole shall be a. Located such that it is uphill of any nearby potential source of pollution; b. Free from potential pollution; c. Sited in a manner that complies with the siting distance requirement specified by the Ministry; and d. Drilled in compliance with the minimum siting/separation distance in the table below and does not exempt drillers from complying with other requirements established by Local Government Health Departments, National Environmental Standards Regulatory Enforcement Agency (NESREA), and hydrogeological peculiarity of the terrain.
BOREHOLE DRILLING MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT During the drilling process, the drilling contractor shall ensure that the materials and equipment used in the process of drilling shall Be clean and not pollute the aquifer or the groundwater; Meet the requirement of the National Code of Practice for water well construction. PVC CASING The approved PVC casing shall be 5 inches diameter at 5mm thickness. a. b. BOREHOLE DEVELOPMENT (1) A drilling contractor shall ensure (a) The borehole is developed to remove natural silts, clays, drill cuttings and other foreign materials that may render the borehole redundant; and (b) The borehole development is continued until its water is clean and silts free. (2) The borehole development shall be (a) In accordance with methods or provisions of the National Code of Practice for Water Well Construction and the Ministry s guidelines; and (b) In a manner which will not cause damage to the boreholes, its casing or cause adverse sub-surface conditions that may destroy barriers to the vertical movement of water between aquifers.
Borehole Grouting A borehole grout shall be placed - 1) At the annulus of the drilled borehole up to a minimum depth of 5m in basement formations below ground surface and as necessary to seal off from the producing zones(s), all aquifers or zones with water containing organic or other contaminants of such type and quantity which may render water from those aquifers or zones unsafe, harmful and or unsuitable for human consumption and general use. 2) Around the casing by using anyone or combination of methods as in the National Code of Practice for Water Well Construction. Gravel-Packed wells Gravel used in gravel-packed wells shall - a. be from clean sources; b. be thoroughly sieved, washed and disinfected before being placed in the hole; c. shall not be crushed rock and/or laterite but coarse river sand
Borehole Head 1. A drilling contractor shall ensure at the completion of drilling that - a. The top of the borehole casing is closed with a tight closing or top head; b. The borehole is properly sealed with a borehole head in accordance with the provisions of the National Code of Practice; c. Underground installation leading from the borehole shall employ a pit-less adapter which does not require welding at the casing; d. Pit-less units or adapters shall be drilled and installed so as to prevent the entrance of contaminants into the Water well. e. The casing shall be sealed to prevent the dropping of object that may block the casing hole pending the time of pump installation; f. Surface drainage shall be diverted away from the borehole head so that water is not allowed to stand around the casing; and g. All debris/cuttings from the borehole drilling site are packed to avoid environmental hazards.
2. Considering the weight of the pump, columns and acceleration due to gravity. The borehole head to be used shall be as follows: 40 50m drilled depth 4mm thickness i. 50 100m drilled depth 6mm thickness ii. iii. 100 250m drilled depth 8mm thickness Disinfection and Decontamination Upon the completion of a borehole, a drilling contractor shall clean the borehole to eliminate all foreign substances and disinfect same in accordance with procedures provided in the National Code of Practice for Water well construction. Inspection of borehole Site. 1) An officer and or consultant authorized by the Ministry shall at any reasonable time; a. Have access to a borehole Site; b. Inspect a borehole Site and examine the material excavated from the site; c. Take drilling cuttings and samples of water abstracted from the borehole; and d. Inspect and make copies or extracts of the record required to be kept by the drilling contractor under this Regulations.
Groundwater Sources Protection. 1. A person who - a. Manually Digs a pit, or b. Undertakes any activity that may result in contact with or access to groundwater shall ensure that the activity is carried out in a manner that devoid of contamination or pollution of the groundwater or aquifer. 2. Water used for cooling parts of engines, air compressors or other equipment shall not be returned to any part of the groundwater system. 3. Borehole shall not be used for disposal or injection of any substance, including surface water, groundwater or any liquid, gas or chemical.
Protection from Contamination Sources 1) A borehole owner and contractor shall ensure the protection of water from all sources of contamination in line with the provisions of Code of Practice for Water Well Construction. 2) The duty to protect shall be on the drilling contractor from the commencement of drilling onto the point the borehole has been certified completed, after which duty to protect from contamination shall be transferred to the owner. 3) Cross connections between Boreholes and other systems or equipment containing water or other substances of unknown or unquestionable safety, including pesticides and fertilizers are prohibited. 4) Fuel pump pits shall be encased in water tight reinforce concrete structure to prevent contamination of Borehole due to leakages from underground storage tank.
Maintenance and Repair of Borehole 1) Every borehole shall be maintained by the owner in such a condition that will conserve and protect the groundwater resources, aquifer and borehole itself from contamination or pollution. 2) All materials used in maintenance of any borehole shall meet the requirements of these Regulations and the Code of Practice for Water Well Construction. 3) Broken, punctured otherwise known as defective or unserviceable casing, screens, fixtures, seals or any part of the borehole shall be repaired or replaced.
4) The borehole shall be decommissioned in accordance with the requirements of the National code of Practice for Water Well Construction if the repair or replacement is not performed. Repairs to borehole originally completed with the borehole head terminating below ground (buried seal) should include extending the borehole casing 1m above the finished surface. The casing extension materials shall be of similar material to the original casing (for example, steel to steel and plastic to plastic). a. In the case of steel casings, the joint must be welded, coupled or threaded. b. On plastic casing, the joint must be glue or fused. c. Nails or any metal is prohibited from joining plastic casing 5) 6)
7) All joints and extensions must be sealed to prevent contaminant from entering the groundwater. Sealing material must not be a contaminant.
Other Issues Drilling rig Service Provider License, Application and Renewal Water Sustainability Plan Institutional Roles and Responsibilities Enforcement Monitoring Committee Safety Offences and Penalties
