Understanding Organic Compounds and Their Importance in Daily Life

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Organic
Compounds
 
What is it?
What is the difference
between Inorganic and
Organic compounds?
 
Organic Compounds are
found in:
carbohydrates, lipids,
protein, and nucleic acids.
 
What is a organic compound?
 
An organic compound is any member of
a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid
chemical compounds whose molecules
contain carbon.
Chemists use organic compounds vs
inorganic compounds to identify 
CARBON
vs
 
non
 
carbon
 compounds.
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What’s the common element
in these substances?
 
Acetoguanamine - 
C
4H7N5
Acetone — 
C
H3CO
C
H3, or (CH3)2CO
Acetonitrile - 
C
2H3N
Acetophenone - 
C
8H8O
Acetylcholine –
(CH3)3N+CH2CH2OCOCH3.
Acetylene — 
C
2H2
 
Hydrocarbons!
 
 
The simplest Organic compounds are
made up of only Carbon and Hydrogen
atoms only. Even these run into
thousands! Compounds of Carbon and
Hydrogen only are called Hydrocarbons.
 
Most organic compounds
are…
 
In living organisms
Some are
 Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats (lipids)
 
ESSESNTIALLY ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE VITAL
FOR LIFE!
 
By the end of this lesson, you’ll be able to identify the
picture above
 
Basic Outline of what most
people consume:
By the end of this lesson,
you’ll understand how
each of these work in
your body!
 
Deep look into:
Carbohydrates
 
Why? A carbohydrate is basically a sugar
Sugars provide living organisms with
energy
Most foods we eat contain carbohydrates
Our bodies break down carbohydrates
into simple sugars
 
Types of Carbohydrates
 
Simple Carbohydrates
 
Found in refined sugars
(processed foods)
Broken down quickly by
the body to be used as
energy
Should not be the main
source of
Carbohydrates
Lacks vitamins, minerals
and fibers
Found naturally in foods
like fruits, milk and milk
products.
 
 
Glucose- Simple Sugar
 
Facts
 
Known as the
“grape” sugar,
blood sugar or
corn sugar as these
are its riches
sources. Listed in
food ingredients as
dextrose.
 
Cells use glucose
for their primary
source of energy
(Major source of
energy!)
Turns sugar into
energy
 
Fructose –Simple Sugar
 
Fruit sugar- found in
many plant cells
Fructose is from sugar
cane
Fructose is sweet
Does not cause your
blood sugar to rise like
glucose
In many fruits
Is made artificially
 
Sucrose- Simple Sugar
 
AKA TABLE SUGAR
Is made with the linkage
of both glucose and
fructose!
Is a white oderless
powder
Sugar or more
specifically sucrose is a
carbohydrate that
occurs naturally in every
fruit and vegetable. I
 
 
 Major product of
photosynthesis, the
process by which plants
transform the sun's
energy into food.
 
Why are simple sugars so
important?
 
A lot of “health” experts advocate limiting
these simple sugars because they cause:
Most people should get between 40%
and 60% of total calories from
carbohydrates!
Sometimes simple sugars are seen as the
“bad sugars”
 
Complex Carbohydrates
 
Deep look into….
-Complex carbohydrates are chains of three or more single
sugar molecules linked together.
-Long chains of sugar molecules called starches serve as a
storage form of energy
-Foods with large amounts of complex carbohydrates include
legumes, starchy vegetables like potatoes and corn, rice and
grain products-
-When you think of complex carbohydrates, starches should
come into your mind
-They take the longest to digest.
-Many contain fiber
 -The body has to break down all sugar/starch into glucose to
use it. Starch supplies the body with long, sustained energy.
 
So….what is starch?
Starch 
or 
amylum
 
is a carbohydrate consisting of a large
number of glucose (simple sugar, remember??) units
joined together by glycosidic bonds.
 
Starch is essential for long term energy
 
We can tes
 
Monosaccharide
Monosaccharidesare the most
basic units of biologically important
carbohydrates. They are the
simplest form of sugar and are
usually colorless, water-soluble,
crystalline solids
 
xamples of monosaccharides include
glucose and Fructose fructose
 
Like Simple Carbohydrates… Just a
different name!
 
Disaccharide
 
A disaccharide is a carbohydrate
formed when two 
monosaccharides
undergo a 
condensation 
reaction
which involves the elimination of a
small molecule, such as water, from the
functional groups only.
Like Complex Carbohydrates.. Just a
different name!
 
Polysaccharides
 
Polysaccharides are polymeric
carbohydrate structures, formed of
repeating units (either mono- or di-
saccharides) joined together by bonds.
CHAOS
 
Benedict’s Solution
 
Benedict's reagent is used as a test for
the presence of reducing sugars. This
includes all monosaccharides and
disaccharides
 
Lipids
 
Lipids constitute a broad group of
naturally occurring molecules which
include 
fats
, 
waxes
, 
sterols
, 
fat-soluble
vitamins
Unlike
Carbohydrates,
lipids ARE NOT used
as fast as an energy
source as
Carbohydrates
They take much
longer to use as
energy
 
 
How are lipids made?
Fats and oils are made from two kinds
of molecules: glycerol (a type of
alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each
of its three carbons) and three fatty
acids joined by dehydration synthesis.
These two compounds put together
are known as:  
Triglycerides
We have two
types of fats:
Saturated Fats
and
Unsaturated
Fats
 
How is a lipid made?
 
A lipid contains ONE glycerin with three
long fatty acid chains
The fatty acids are the components
removed from the glycerol head and
used for energy and storage in the cell.
Glycerol is a small alcohol molecule that
attaches to the second part of the lipid
structure--the fatty acid chains.
 
Saturated Fats
 
What?
 
Saturated fat is fat
that consists of
triglycerides
containing only
saturated fatty
acids.
 
From?
 
The majority of
saturated fats
come mainly from
animal sources,
including meat
and dairy products
undefined
 
Saturated Fats have
no double bonds
A fat that is solid at
room temperature
and comes chiefly
from animal food
products.
Examples are butter,
lard, meat fat, solid
shortening, palm oil,
and coconut oil.
These fats tend to
raise the level of
cholesterol in the
blood.
 
 
Do saturated fats
have bonds?
 
-Saturated Fats in our diets
-Sometimes the “bad” fat
 
Unsaturated Fats
 
An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in
which there is at least one double bond within
the fatty acid chain.
Studies show that eating foods rich in
monounsaturated fats (MUFAs) improves
blood cholesterol levels, which can decrease
your risk of heart disease
Foods made up mostly of monounsaturated
and polyunsaturated fats are liquid at room
temperature, such as olive oil, safflower oil,
peanut oil and corn oil.
 
CIS VS TRANS
 
Unsaturated fats can have double bonds
being either cis or trans.
Double bonds may be in either a 
cis
 or a
trans
 isomer, depending on the geometry
of the double bond.
 In the 
cis 
conformation, hydrogen atoms
are on the same side of the double bond,
whereas, in the 
trans
 conformation, they
are on opposite sides.
Do you see the
difference?
 
Unsaturated Fats Have Double Bonds
 
To be unsaturated,
you would have a
double bonds.
You can have one
bond breaking up,
or multiple bonds
undefined
 
Types of
Unsaturated Fats
 
 A fat molecule is
monounsaturated if it contains
one double bond, and
polyunsaturated if it contains
more than one double bond.
undefined
 
Transfat
 
What is it?
What does this do?
Is this saturated?
Is this unsaturated?
 
Nutritional Information
 
Trans fats are not
essential fatty acids.
The consumption of
trans fats increases
the risk of coronary
heart disease[1][2]
by raising levels of
LDL cholesterol and
lowering levels of
"good" HDL
cholesterol
 
Trans fats are often
looked down upon
as the bad fats
and are seen as
worse compared
to Saturated Fats
 
Common Definition and
analysis of Trans fat
 
Trans fat is the common name for
unsaturated fat with trans-isomer fatty
acid(s). Because the term refers to the
configuration of a double carbon-carbon
bond, trans fats are 
sometimes
monounsaturated or polyunsaturated, but
never
 
saturated
.
 
Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic
 
Hydrophobic
-Water “fearing”
-Hydrophobic
molecules tend to be
non-polar and thus
prefer other neutral
molecules and non-
polar solvents.
-tending not to dissolve
in, mix with, or be
wetted by water
 
Hydrophilic
-water loving.
-Such compounds have
an affinity to water and
are usually charged or
have polar side groups to
their structure that will
attract water.
-Hydrophilic substances
are attracted to, and
dissolve well within,
water.
undefined
 
Examples of
Hydrophobic vs.
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic-
Hydrophilic
 
Deep Look Into…
Proteins!
 
Many foods
contain protein,
but the best
sources are beef,
poultry, fish, eggs,
dairy products,
nuts, seeds, and
legumes like black
beans and lentils.
 
Protein builds up,
maintains, and
replaces the tissues in
your body.
Did you know…your
body uses protein to
make hemoglobin (the
part of red blood cells
that carries oxygen to
every part of your
body). Other proteins
are used to build
cardiac muscle.
 
Types of Proteins:
 
Transmembrane protein
 -protein that goes from one
side of a membrane through
to the other side of the
membrane
-It is embedded between the
phospholipids, providing a
channel through which
molecules and ions can pass
into the cell.
-Transmembrane proteins also
facilitate communication
between cells by interacting
with chemical messengers.
 
Integral Membrane Protein
-An integral membrane
protein (IMP) is a protein
molecule (or assembly of
proteins) that is permanently
attached to the biological
membrane.
MPs include transporters,
channels, receptors, enzymes,
structural membrane-
anchoring domains, proteins
involved in accumulation and
transduction of energy
 
Proteins...where, what?!
 
Proteins are part of the
cell membrane
Proteins have an
essential function to our
cells and essentially our
bodies!
Most proteins consist of
linear polymers built
from series of up to 20
different L-α-amino
acids.
All proteinogenic amino
acids possess common
structural features,
including an α-carbon
to which an amino
group, a carboxyl
group, and a variable
side chain are bonded.
 
Protein Folding
 
Failure to fold into
native structure
produces inactive
proteins that are
usually toxic
Protein folding is the
physical process by
which a polypeptide
folds into its
characteristic and
functional three-
dimensional structure
from random coi
 
What makes up Proteins?
 
AMINO ACIDS!!
Each protein has its own unique amino
acid sequence that is specified by the
nucleotide sequence of the gene
encoding this protein.
Our body has 
20
 different types of Amino
Acids!
 
Amino Acids
 
Some basic
Information:
 
Amino acids are the building
blocks of proteins. All amino
acids have a central or alpha
carbon, to which are bonded
4 groups:
 
a hydrogen
an amino group
a carboxyl group
a unique side chain, also
known as a R-group
Do you see the structures
that make this structure an
Amino Acid?
 
Essential vs. Nonessential Amino Acids
 
Essential Amino
Acids
 
An essential amino
acid or indispensable
amino acid is an amino
acid that cannot be
synthesized de novo by
the organism (usually
referring to humans),
and therefore must be
supplied in the diet.
 
Nonessential Amino
Acids
 
Non essential amino
acids are amino acids
that can be produced
in our body.
Their uses and
functions in our body
are equally as
important as the
limiting amino acids.
 
Essential Amino Acids
 
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
 
Nonessential Amino Acids
 
Alanine
Asparagine
Aspartic Acid
Cysteine
Glutamic Acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Proline
Serine
Tyrosine
Arginine
Histidine
 
 
 
Just a
Reminder…
 
 
 
 
 
What Makes Amino Acids
Organic?
 
The Carbon
Compound!
 
Nucleic Acids
 
What is Nucleic Acids?
Do you think these are important for the
development and structure of life?
Have you ever heard of Nucleic Acids?
What does this even do?!
 
Nucleic Acid
 
A description…
 
Nucleic acids are
biological
molecules essential
for life, and include
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic
acid) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid).
 
The term nucleic acid is the
overall name for DNA and
RNA, members of a family
of biopolymers,[6] and is
synonymous with
polynucleotide. Nucleic
acids were named for their
initial discovery within the
cell nucleus, and for the
presence of phosphate
groups (related to
phosphoric acid)
 
The nucleic acids are the
building blocks of living
organisms. You may have
heard of DNA described
the same way. Guess
what? DNA is just one type
of nucleic acid. Some
other types are RNA,
mRNA, and tRNA
 
Nucleic Acids
 
Structure
 
These nucleotides
are made of three
parts.
1. A five carbon sugar
2. A base that has a
nitrogen (N) atom
3. An ion of phosphoric
acid
Now you try drawing one!
 
We only need 5 Nucleotides to
Survive!
 
The five pieces are
Uracil
, 
Cytosine
,
Thymine
, 
Adenine
,
and 
Guanine
.
 
DNA sequence!
 
These always go
together in chains of:
For DNA:
G=C
A=T
For RNA:
A=T
G=U
 
What else does Carbon do?
 
 Carbon dioxide is essential to
photosynthesis in plants and other
photoautotrophs, and is also a prominent
greenhouse gas
In 2009, the CO2 global average
concentration in Earth's atmosphere was
about 0.0387% by volume
 
Break down of what is in the
Earth:
 
The Carbon Cycle
 
The 
carbon
 
cycle
 is the
biogeochemical cycle by which
carbon is exchanged among
the biosphere, pedosphere,
geosphere, hydrosphere, and
atmosphere of the 
Earth
. It is
one of the 
most
 
important
cycles of the earth and allows
for carbon to be recycled and
reused throughout the
biosphere and all of its
organisms
 
Review
 
Organic Compounds are essential for life
By the end of this discussion, you should be
able to understand that Carbon is an
essential element and is used in many energy
processes in our body.
When asked what Organic Compounds are you
should have this in mind Organic=Carbon=Live
sustaining= IMPORTANT!
 
And this is only the beginning…
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Explore the world of organic compounds, including their definition, difference from inorganic compounds, common elements found in them, and the significance of hydrocarbons. Learn about the essential role of organic compounds in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, and how they are vital for sustaining life. Dive deeper into carbohydrates, their types, and their function in providing energy to the body. Gain insights into the basic outline of commonly consumed substances and their impact on overall health.


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  1. Organic Compounds What is it? What is the difference between Inorganic and Organic compounds? Organic Compounds are found in: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids.

  2. What is a organic compound? An organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. Chemists use organic compounds vs inorganic compounds to identify CARBON vsnoncarbon compounds.

  3. Whats the common element in these substances? Acetoguanamine - C4H7N5 Acetone CH3COCH3, or (CH3)2CO Acetonitrile - C2H3N Acetophenone - C8H8O Acetylcholine (CH3)3N+CH2CH2OCOCH3. Acetylene C2H2

  4. Hydrocarbons! The simplest Organic compounds are made up of only Carbon and Hydrogen atoms only. Even these run into thousands! Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen only are called Hydrocarbons.

  5. Most organic compounds are In living organisms Some are Proteins Carbohydrates Fats (lipids) ESSESNTIALLY ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE VITAL FOR LIFE! By the end of this lesson, you ll be able to identify the picture above

  6. Basic Outline of what most people consume: By the end of this lesson, you ll understand how each of these work in your body!

  7. Deep look into: Carbohydrates Why? A carbohydrate is basically a sugar Sugars provide living organisms with energy Most foods we eat contain carbohydrates Our bodies break down carbohydrates into simple sugars

  8. Types of Carbohydrates Simple Carbohydrates Found in refined sugars (processed foods) Broken down quickly by the body to be used as energy Should not be the main source of Carbohydrates Lacks vitamins, minerals and fibers Found naturally in foods like fruits, milk and milk products.

  9. Glucose- Simple Sugar Facts Cells use glucose for their primary source of energy (Major source of energy!) Turns sugar into energy Known as the grape sugar, blood sugar or corn sugar as these are its riches sources. Listed in food ingredients as dextrose.

  10. Fructose Simple Sugar Fruit sugar- found in many plant cells Fructose is from sugar cane Fructose is sweet Does not cause your blood sugar to rise like glucose In many fruits Is made artificially

  11. Sucrose- Simple Sugar Major product of photosynthesis, the process by which plants transform the sun's energy into food. AKA TABLE SUGAR Is made with the linkage of both glucose and fructose! Is a white oderless powder Sugar or more specifically sucrose is a carbohydrate that occurs naturally in every fruit and vegetable. I

  12. Why are simple sugars so important? A lot of health experts advocate limiting these simple sugars because they cause: Most people should get between 40% and 60% of total calories from carbohydrates! Sometimes simple sugars are seen as the bad sugars

  13. Deep look into. Complex Carbohydrates -Complex carbohydrates are chains of three or more single sugar molecules linked together. -Long chains of sugar molecules called starches serve as a storage form of energy -Foods with large amounts of complex carbohydrates include legumes, starchy vegetables like potatoes and corn, rice and grain products- -When you think of complex carbohydrates, starches should come into your mind -They take the longest to digest. -Many contain fiber -The body has to break down all sugar/starch into glucose to use it. Starch supplies the body with long, sustained energy.

  14. So.what is starch? Starch or amylum is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose (simple sugar, remember??) units joined together by glycosidic bonds. Starch is essential for long term energy We can tes

  15. Monosaccharide Monosaccharidesare the most basic units of biologically important carbohydrates. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids xamples of monosaccharides include glucose and Fructose fructose Like Simple Carbohydrates Just a different name!

  16. Disaccharide A disaccharide is a carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction which involves the elimination of a small molecule, such as water, from the functional groups only. Like Complex Carbohydrates.. Just a different name!

  17. Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate structures, formed of repeating units (either mono- or di- saccharides) joined together by bonds. CHAOS

  18. Benedicts Solution Benedict's reagent is used as a test for the presence of reducing sugars. This includes all monosaccharides and disaccharides

  19. Lipids Lipids constitute a broad group of naturally occurring molecules which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins Unlike Carbohydrates, lipids ARE NOT used as fast as an energy source as Carbohydrates They take much longer to use as energy How are lipids made? Fats and oils are made from two kinds of molecules: glycerol (a type of alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each of its three carbons) and three fatty acids joined by dehydration synthesis. These two compounds put together are known as: Triglycerides We have two types of fats: Saturated Fats and Unsaturated Fats

  20. How is a lipid made? A lipid contains ONE glycerin with three long fatty acid chains The fatty acids are the components removed from the glycerol head and used for energy and storage in the cell. Glycerol is a small alcohol molecule that attaches to the second part of the lipid structure--the fatty acid chains.

  21. Saturated Fats What? Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. From? The majority of saturated fats come mainly from animal sources, including meat and dairy products

  22. Saturated Fats have no double bonds A fat that is solid at room temperature and comes chiefly from animal food products. Examples are butter, lard, meat fat, solid shortening, palm oil, and coconut oil. These fats tend to raise the level of cholesterol in the blood. Do saturated fats have bonds? -Saturated Fats in our diets -Sometimes the bad fat

  23. Unsaturated Fats An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain. Studies show that eating foods rich in monounsaturated fats (MUFAs) improves blood cholesterol levels, which can decrease your risk of heart disease Foods made up mostly of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature, such as olive oil, safflower oil, peanut oil and corn oil.

  24. CIS VS TRANS Unsaturated fats can have double bonds being either cis or trans. Double bonds may be in either a cis or a trans isomer, depending on the geometry of the double bond. In the cis conformation, hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond, whereas, in the trans conformation, they are on opposite sides. Do you see the difference?

  25. Unsaturated Fats Have Double Bonds To be unsaturated, you would have a double bonds. You can have one bond breaking up, or multiple bonds

  26. Types of Unsaturated Fats A fat molecule is monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond.

  27. Transfat What is it? What does this do? Is this saturated? Is this unsaturated?

  28. Nutritional Information Trans fats are not essential fatty acids. The consumption of trans fats increases the risk of coronary heart disease[1][2] by raising levels of LDL cholesterol and lowering levels of "good" HDL cholesterol Trans fats are often looked down upon as the bad fats and are seen as worse compared to Saturated Fats

  29. Common Definition and analysis of Trans fat Trans fat is the common name for unsaturated fat with trans-isomer fatty acid(s). Because the term refers to the configuration of a double carbon-carbon bond, trans fats are sometimes monounsaturated or polyunsaturated, but neversaturated.

  30. Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic Hydrophobic -Water fearing -Hydrophobic molecules tend to be non-polar and thus prefer other neutral molecules and non- polar solvents. -tending not to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted by water Hydrophilic -water loving. -Such compounds have an affinity to water and are usually charged or have polar side groups to their structure that will attract water. -Hydrophilic substances are attracted to, and dissolve well within, water.

  31. Hydrophobic- Examples of Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic Hydrophilic

  32. Deep Look Into Proteins! Many foods contain protein, but the best sources are beef, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, nuts, seeds, and legumes like black beans and lentils. Protein builds up, maintains, and replaces the tissues in your body. Did you know your body uses protein to make hemoglobin (the part of red blood cells that carries oxygen to every part of your body). Other proteins are used to build cardiac muscle.

  33. Types of Proteins: Transmembrane protein -protein that goes from one side of a membrane through to the other side of the membrane -It is embedded between the phospholipids, providing a channel through which molecules and ions can pass into the cell. -Transmembrane proteins also facilitate communication between cells by interacting with chemical messengers. Integral Membrane Protein -An integral membrane protein (IMP) is a protein molecule (or assembly of proteins) that is permanently attached to the biological membrane. MPs include transporters, channels, receptors, enzymes, structural membrane- anchoring domains, proteins involved in accumulation and transduction of energy

  34. Proteins...where, what?! Proteins are part of the cell membrane Proteins have an essential function to our cells and essentially our bodies! Most proteins consist of linear polymers built from series of up to 20 different L- -amino acids. All proteinogenic amino acids possess common structural features, including an -carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable side chain are bonded.

  35. Protein Folding Failure to fold into native structure produces inactive proteins that are usually toxic Protein folding is the physical process by which a polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three- dimensional structure from random coi

  36. What makes up Proteins? AMINO ACIDS!! Each protein has its own unique amino acid sequence that is specified by the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding this protein. Our body has 20 different types of Amino Acids!

  37. Do you see the structures that make this structure an Amino Acid? Amino Acids Some basic Information: Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. All amino acids have a central or alpha carbon, to which are bonded 4 groups: a hydrogen an amino group a carboxyl group a unique side chain, also known as a R-group

  38. Essential Amino Acids An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to humans), and therefore must be supplied in the diet. Nonessential Amino Acids Non essential amino acids are amino acids that can be produced in our body. Their uses and functions in our body are equally as important as the limiting amino acids.

  39. Essential Amino Acids Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine

  40. Nonessential Amino Acids Alanine Asparagine Aspartic Acid Cysteine Glutamic Acid Glutamine Glycine Proline Serine Tyrosine Arginine Histidine Just a Reminder

  41. What Makes Amino Acids Organic? The Carbon Compound!

  42. Nucleic Acids What is Nucleic Acids? Do you think these are important for the development and structure of life? Have you ever heard of Nucleic Acids? What does this even do?!

  43. The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA, members of a family of biopolymers,[6] and is synonymous with polynucleotide. Nucleic acids were named for their initial discovery within the cell nucleus, and for the presence of phosphate groups (related to phosphoric acid) Nucleic Acid A description The nucleic acids are the building blocks of living organisms. You may have heard of DNA described the same way. Guess what? DNA is just one type of nucleic acid. Some other types are RNA, mRNA, and tRNA Nucleic acids are biological molecules essential for life, and include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

  44. Nucleic Acids Structure These nucleotides are made of three parts. 1. A five carbon sugar 2. A base that has a nitrogen (N) atom 3. An ion of phosphoric acid Now you try drawing one!

  45. We only need 5 Nucleotides to Survive! The five pieces are Uracil, Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine, and Guanine. DNA sequence! These always go together in chains of: For DNA: G=C A=T For RNA: A=T G=U

  46. What else does Carbon do? Carbon dioxide is essential to photosynthesis in plants and other photoautotrophs, and is also a prominent greenhouse gas In 2009, the CO2 global average concentration in Earth's atmosphere was about 0.0387% by volume

  47. Break down of what is in the Earth:

  48. The Carbon Cycle The carboncycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. It is one of the mostimportant cycles of the earth and allows for carbon to be recycled and reused throughout the biosphere and all of its organisms

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