Theories Explaining Deviant Sexual Behavior Throughout History
Explore historical theories on deviant sexual behavior, including demonological, anomie, psychoanalytical, human ecology, and somatotyping theories. These theories range from supernatural beliefs of possession to scientific interpretations of societal influences and individual characteristics.
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DEVIANT SEXUAL THEORIES BY: LOTHES J. SAMANTE, MSCJ
THE DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY BEFORE THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE SCIENTIFIC THEORIES OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR, ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR EXPLANATIONS WAS DEMONOLOGY. ACCORDING TO THIS EXPLANATION, INDIVIDUALS WERE THOUGHT TO BE POSSESSED BY GOOD OR EVIL SPIRITS, WHICH CAUSED GOOD OR EVIL BEHAVIOR. THE THEORY MAINTAINS THAT CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR WAS BELIEVED TO BE THE RESULT OF EVIL SPIRITS AND DEMONS SOMETHING OF NATURAL FORCE THAT CONTROLS HIS/HER BEHAVIOR. CENTURIES AGO, GUILT AND INNOCENCE WERE ESTABLISHED BY A VARIETY OF PROCEDURES THAT PRESUMABLY CALLED FORTH THE SUPERNATURAL ALLIES OF THE ACCUSED.
THE ANOMIE THEORY ANOMIE, CONDITION CHARACTERIZED BY AN ABSENCE OR DIMINUTION OF STANDARDS OR VALUES. GOVERNMENT OR SOCIETY, ANOMIE IMPLIES A SOCIAL UNREST, SIMILAR TO THE USE OF THE WORD ANARCHY. IN CONTEMPORARY OR ENGLISH, IN MEANS INDIVIDUALS, A MALAISE WHEN APPLIED TO A THE WORD COMES FROM GREEK, NAMELY THE PREFIX A- WITHOUT , AND NOMOS LAW - LITERALLY, WITHOUT LAW . THIS THEORY IS ADVOCATED BY DAVID EMILE DURKHEIM
THE PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY PSYCHOLOGISTS HAVE CONSIDERED A VARIETY OF POSSIBILITIES TO ACCOUNT DIFFERENCES DEFECTIVE CONSCIENCE, EMOTIONAL IMMATURITY, INADEQUATE CHILDHOOD SOCIALIZATION, MATERNAL DEPRIVATION, DEVELOPMENT. FOR INDIVIDUAL AND POOR MORAL THE FREUDIAN VIEW ON CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR WAS BASED ON THE USE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN EXPLAINING AN APPROACH IN UNDERSTANDING CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR. ADVOCATED BY SIGMUND FREUD (1835 -1918).
THE HUMAN ECOLOGY THEORY THIS THEORY IS ADVOCATED BY ROBERT EZRA PARK (1864 - 1944). PARK IS A STRONG ADVOCATE OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN EXPLAINING SOCIOLOGIST. HUMAN ECOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF PEOPLE AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT. THIS THEORY MAINTAINS THAT CRIME IS A FUNCTION OF SOCIAL CHANGE THAT OCCURS ALONG WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE. IT ALSO MAINTAINS SEGREGATION, COMPETITION, CONFLICT, SOCIAL CONTRACT, INTERACTION AND SOCIAL HIERARCHY OF PEOPLE ARE THE MAJOR INFLUENCES OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AND CRIMES. CRIMINALITY BUT HE IS A THAT THE ISOLATION,
THE SOMATOTYPING THEORY WILLIAM H. SHELDON (1898 1977) IS AN INFLUENCED OF THE SOMATOTYPE SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY, WHICH RELATED BODY BUILT TO BEHAVIOR. HE BECAME POPULAR OF HIS OWN SOMATOTYPING THEORY. HIS KEY IDEAS ARE CONCENTRATED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST AS A BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE. HE COMBINES THE BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATION TO UNDERSTAND DEVIANT BEHAVIOR. SHELDON S SOMATOTYPING THEORY MAINTAINS THE BELIEF OF INHERITANCE AS THE PRIMARY DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR AND THE PHYSIQUE IS A RELIABLE INDICATOR OF PERSONALITY.
CLASSIFICATION OF BODY PHYSIQUE BY SHELDON 1. ENDOMORPHY A TYPE WITH RELATIVELY PREDOMINANCE OF SOFT, ROUNDNESS THROUGH OUT THE REGIONS OF THE BODY. THEY HAVE LOW SPECIFIC GRAVITY. PERSONS WITH TYPICALLY RELAXED AND COMFORTABLE DISPOSITION. 2. MESOMORPHY ATHLETIC TYPE, PREDOMINANCE OF MUSCLE, BONE AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE, NORMALLY HEAVY, HARD AND FIRM, STING AND TOUGH. THEY ARE THE PEOPLE WHO ARE ROUTINELY ACTIVE AND AGGRESSIVE, AND THEY ARE THE MOST LIKELY TO COMMIT CRIMES. 3. ECTOMORPHY THROUGH THE BODY, SLENDER, POORLY MUSCLED. THEY TEND TO LOOK MORE FATIGUE AND WITHDRAWN. THIN PHYSIQUE, FLAT CHEST, DELICACY
THE IDEA OF SOMATOTYPING WAS ORIGINATED FROM THE WORK OF A GERMAN PSYCHIATRIST, ERNEST KRETSCHMER (1888 1964), WHO DISTINGUISHED THREE PRINCIPAL TYPES OF PHYSIQUE AS: 1.ASTHENIC LEAN, SLIGHTLY BUILT, NARROW SHOULDERS 2.ATHLETIC MEDIUM TO TALL, STRONG, MUSCULAR, COURSE BONES 3.PYKNIC MEDIUM HEIGHT, ROUNDED FIGURE, MASSIVE NECK, BROAD FACE KRETSCHMER BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS: ATHLETICS TO SCHIZOPHRENIA. RELATED THESE PYKNIC TO MANIC BODY PHYSIQUES TO VARIOUS PSYCHOTIC DEPRESSION, ASTHENICS AND
THE DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY DAT DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY, ADVOCATED BY EDWIN SUTHERLAND (1883 - 1950), WHICH MAINTAIN THAT THE SOCIETY IS COMPOSED OF DIFFERENT GROUP ORGANIZATION, THE SOCIETIES CONSIST OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE HAVING CRIMINALISTIC TRADITION AND ANTI-CRIMINALISTIC TRADITION. AND THAT CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR IS LEARNED AND NOT INHERITED. IT IS LEARNED THROUGH THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION, AND LEARNING PROCESS INCLUDES TECHNIQUE OF COMMITTING THE CRIME, MOTIVE AND ATTITUDE. DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY STATES THAT CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR IS LEARNED BEHAVIOR AND LEARNED VIA SOCIAL INTERACTION WITH OTHERS.
THE DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY SUTHERLAND HAS BEEN REFERRED TO AS THE MOST IMPORTANT CRIMINOLOGIST OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY EXPLANATION ABOUT CRIME AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR CAN BE SEEN AS A CORRECTED EXTENSION OF SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE. FOR THIS REASON, HE WAS CONSIDERED AS THE DEAN OF MODERN CRIMINOLOGY. BECAUSE HIS
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY THEORY THAT STATES INDIVIDUALS LEARN DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR FROM THOSE CLOSE TO THEM WHO PROVIDE MODELS OF AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVIANCE
THE CONTAINMENT THEORY A BROAD ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONAL AND SOCIAL CONTROLS IS FOUND IN WALTER RECKLESS (1899 1988) CONTAINMENT THEORY. THIS THEORY IS A FORM OF CONTROL, WHICH SUGGESTS THAT A SERIES OF BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTES TO CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR . THE CONTAINMENT THEORY ASSUMES THAT FOR EVERY INDIVIDUAL THERE EXISTS A CONTAINING EXTERNAL STRUCTURE AND A PROTECTIVE INTERNAL STRUCTURE, BOTH OF WHICH PROVIDE DEFENSE, PROTECTION OR INSULATION AGAINST CRIME OR DELINQUENCY.
THE SOCIAL CLASS CONFLICT AND CAPITALISM THEORY KARL MARX, FREDERICK ENGEL, WILLEM BONGER (1818 -1940) ARE THE PROPONENTS OF THE SOCIAL CLASS CONFLICT AND CAPITALISM THEORY. MARX AND ENGEL CLAIM THAT THE RULING CLASS IN A CAPITALIST SOCIETY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CREATION OF CRIMINAL LAW AND THEIR IDEOLOGICAL BASES IN THE INTERPRETATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAWS. ALL ARE REFLECTED IN THE RULING CLASS, THUS CRIME AND DELINQUENCY ARE REFLECTED ON THE DEMORALIZED SURPLUS OF POPULATION, WHICH IS MADE UP OF THE UNDERPRIVILEGED USUALLY THE UNEMPLOYED AND UNDEREMPLOYED.
THE SOCIAL CLASS CONFLICT AND CAPITALISM THEORY WILLEM BONGER, A MARXIST-SOCIALIST, ON THE OTHER HAND, PLACED MORE EMPHASIS ON WORKING BOUT ECONOMIC GAIN. HE BELIEVES THAT PROFIT -MOTIVE OF CAPITALISM GENERATES AN EGOISTIC PERSONALITY. HENCE, CRIME IS AN INEVITABLE OUTCOME. CRIMES OF
THE STRAIN THEORY ADVOCATED BY ROBERT KING MERTON (1910). HE IS THE PREMIER SOCIOLOGIST OF THE MODERN DAYS WHO, AFTER DURKHEIM, ALSO RELATED THE CRIME PROBLEM TO ANOMIE. THE STRAIN THEORY MAINTAINS THAT THE FAILURE OF MAN TO ACHIEVE A HIGHER STATUS OF LIFE CAUSED THEM TO COMMIT CRIMES IN ORDER FOR THAT STATUS/GOAL TO BE ATTAINED. HE ARGUED THAT CRIME IS A MEANS TO ACHIEVE GOALS AND THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE IS THE ROOT OF THE CRIME PROBLEM. MERTON S EXPLANATION TO CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR ASSUMES THAT PEOPLE ARE LAW ABIDING BUT WHEN UNDER GREAT PRESSURE WILL RESULT TO CRIME.
THE SUB-CULTURE THEORY OF DELINQUENCY ALBERT COHEN (1918) ADVOCATED THE SUB-CULTURE THEORY OF DELINQUENCY. COHEN CLAIMS THAT THE LOWER CLASS CANNOT SOCIALIZE EFFECTIVELY AS THE MIDDLE CLASS IN WHAT IS CONSIDERED APPROPRIATE MIDDLE CLASS BEHAVIOR. THUS, THE LOWER CLASS GATHERED TOGETHER SHARE THEIR COMMON PROBLEMS, FORMING A SUBCULTURE THAT REJECTS MIDDLE CLASS VALUES. COHEN CALLED THIS PROCESS AS REACTION FORMATION. MUCH OF THIS BEHAVIOR COMES TO BE CALLED DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR; THE SUBCULTURE IS CALLED A GANG AND THE KIDS ARE CALLED DELINQUENTS. HE PUT EMPHASIS ON THE EXPLANATION OF PREVALENCE, ORIGINS, PROCESS AND PURPOSES AS FACTORS TO CRIME.
THE NEUTRALIZATION THEORY GRESHAM SYKES (1922) ADVOCATED IT. THE THEORY MAINTAINS THAT AN INDIVIDUAL WILL OBEY OR DISOBEY SOCIETAL RULES DEPENDING UPON HIS OR HER ABILITY TO RATIONALIZE WHETHER HE IS PROTECTED FROM HURT OR DESTRUCTION. PEOPLE BECOME LAW ABIDING IF THEY FEEL THEY ARE BENEFITED BY IT AND THEY VIOLATE IT IF THESE LAWS ARE NOT FAVORABLE TO THEM.
THE DIFFERENTIAL OPPORTUNITY THEORY LLOYD DIFFERENTIAL OPPORTUNITY THEORY. THIS THEORY EXPLAINED THAT SOCIETY LEADS THE LOWER CLASS TO WANT THINGS AND SOCIETY DOES THINGS TO PEOPLE. OHLIN CLAIMED THAT OPPORTUNITY, OR ACCESS, TO SUCCESS GOALS BY BOTH LEGITIMATE AND ILLEGITIMATE MEANS DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC LOCATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL WITH IN THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE. THUS, LOWER CLASS GROUPS ARE PROVIDED WITH GREATER OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE ACQUISITION OF DEVIANT ACTS. OHLIN (1928) ADVOCATED THE DOT THERE IS DIFFERENTIAL
THE LABELING THEORY FRANK HOWARD BECKER (1822 - 1982) ARE THE ADVOCATES OF THE LABELING THEORY THE THEORY THAT EXPLAINS REACTION TO BEHAVIOR. MAINTAINS THAT THE ORIGINAL CAUSE OF CRIME CANNOT BE KNOWN, NO BEHAVIOR IS INTRINSICALLY CRIMINAL, BECOMES CRIMINAL IF IT IS LABELED AS SUCH. TENNENBAUM, EDWIN LEMERT, ABOUT THE SOCIAL THEORY AND BEHAVIOR
THE RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY ADOPTS A UTILITARIAN BELIEF THAT MAN IS A REASONING ACTOR WHO WEIGHS MEANS AND ENDS, COSTS AND BENEFITS, AND MAKES A RATIONAL CHOICE. THIS THEORY DRAWS ON THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL REPRESENTED BY THE WORKS OF JEREMY BENTHAM AND CESARE BECCARIA. IN PARTICULAR, IT ASSUMES THAT THE RATIONAL DECISION IS ALWAYS THE DECISION THAT WILL MAXIMISE GAIN AND MINIMISE PAIN FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL: THE FELICITATION UNDERPINNED THE PENAL POLICY OF DETERRENCE. PRINCIPLE THAT
THE INSTRUMENTALIST THEORY EARL RICHARD QUINNEY (1934), IS A MARXIST CRIMINOLOGIST WHO ADVOCATED THE INSTRUMENTALIST THEORY IF CAPITALIST RULE. HE ARGUED THAT THE STATE EXIST AS A DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING THE EXPLOITED CLASS THE CLASS THAT LABORS FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE RULING CLASS. HE CLAIMS THAT UPPER CLASSES CREATE LAWS THAT PROTECT THEIR INTEREST AND T THE SAME TIME THE UNWANTED BEHAVIOR OF ALL OTHER MEMBERS OF SOCIETY. QUINNEY S MAJOR CONTRIBUTION IS THAT HE PROPOSED THE SHIFT IN FOCUS FROM LOOKING FOR THE CAUSES OF CRIME FROM THE INDIVIDUAL TO THE EXAMINATION OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM FOR CLUES.
THE SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY IN CRIMINOLOGY, SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY AS REPRESENTED IN THE WORK OF TRAVIS HIRSCHI FITS INTO THE POSITIVIST SCHOOL, AND, LATER, RIGHT REALISM. IT PROPOSES THAT EXPLOITING THE PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION AND SOCIAL LEARNING BUILDS SELF-CONTROL AND REDUCES THE INCLINATION TO INDULGE IN BEHAVIOUR RECOGNISED AS ANTISOCIAL. IT WAS DERIVED FROM FUNCTIONALIST THEORIES OF CRIME AND PROPOSES THAT THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF CONTROL: SCHOOL, NEO-CLASSICAL
THE SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY 1.DIRECT: BY WHICH PUNISHMENT IS THREATENED OR APPLIED FOR WRONGFUL BEHAVIOR, AND COMPLIANCE IS REWARDED BY PARENTS, FAMILY AND AUTHORITY FIGURES. 2.INDIRECT: BY WHICH A YOUTH REFRAINS FROM DELINQUENCY THROUGH THE CONSCIENCE OR SUPEREGO. 3.INTERNAL: BY IDENTIFICATION WITH THOSE WHO INFLUENCE BEHAVIOUR, SAY BECAUSE HIS OR HER DELINQUENT ACT MIGHT CAUSE PAIN AND DISAPPOINTMENT TO PARENTS AND OTHERS WITH WHOM HE OR SHE HAS CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS. 4.CONTROL INDIVIDUAL'S NEEDS ARE MET, THERE IS NO POINT IN CRIMINAL ACTIVITY. THROUGH NEEDS SATISFACTION, I.E. IF ALL AN
THE SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY (LATER ALSO CALLED SOCIAL BONDING THEORY) PROPOSES THAT PEOPLE'S RELATIONSHIPS, COMMITMENTS, VALUES, NORMS, AND BELIEFS ENCOURAGE THEM NOT TO BREAK THE LAW. THUS, IF MORAL CODES ARE INTERNALIZED AND INDIVIDUALS ARE TIED INTO, AND HAVE A STAKE IN THEIR WIDER COMMUNITY, THEY WILL VOLUNTARILY LIMIT THEIR PROPENSITY TO COMMIT DEVIANT ACTS. THE THEORY SEEKS TO UNDERSTAND THE WAYS IN WHICH IT IS POSSIBLE TO REDUCE THE LIKELIHOOD OF CRIMINALITY DEVELOPING IN INDIVIDUALS. IT DOES NOT CONSIDER MOTIVATIONAL ISSUES, SIMPLY STATING THAT HUMAN BEINGS MAY CHOOSE TO ENGAGE IN A WIDE RANGE OF ACTIVITIES, UNLESS THE RANGE IS LIMITED BY THE PROCESSES OF SOCIALIZATION AND SOCIAL LEARNING.
SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY THEORY THAT STATES SOCIAL CONTROL IS DIRECTLY AFFECTED BY THE STRENGTH OF SOCIAL BONDS AND THAT DEVIANCE RESULTS FROM A FEELING OF DISCONNECTION FROM SOCIETY
THE SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY IN CRIMINOLOGY, THE SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY WAS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT THEORIES DEVELOPED BY THE CHICAGO SCHOOL, RELATED TO ECOLOGICAL THEORIES. THIS MECHANISMS OF SOCIAL CONTROL ARE WEAKENED . THEORY ARGUES THAT CRIME OCCURS WHEN THE THE THEORY THAT CRIME AND OTHER DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR IS MOST LIKELY TO OCCUR WHERE SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ARE NOT ABLE TO DIRECT AND CONTROL GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS. IT IS ARGUED THAT GANGS WILL ARISE SPONTANEOUSLY IN SOCIAL CONTEXTS THAT ARE WEAKLY CONTROLLED.
THE SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY SOME CRIMINOLOGISTS THINK THAT THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION JUST REFLECTS MIDDLE- CLASS FAILURE TO COMPREHEND ORGANIZATION DIFFERENT FROM THEIR OWN. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY PIONEERED BY CLIFFORD R. SHAW AND HENRY D. MCKAY SUGGESTED THAT DISORGANIZED COMMUNITIES CHARACTERIZED BY POVERTY, POPULATION RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY WEAKENED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL CONTROLS HETEROGENEITY, AND
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY THEORY THAT ASSERTS CRIME OCCURS IN COMMUNITIES WITH WEAK SOCIAL TIES AND THE ABSENCE OF SOCIAL CONTROL
THE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY RONALD AKERS AND ROBERT BURGESS (1966) DEVELOPED THE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY TO EXPLAIN DEVIANCY BY COMBINING VARIABLES WHICH ENCOURAGED DELINQUENCY (E.G. THE SOCIAL PRESSURE FROM DELINQUENT DISCOURAGED DELINQUENCY (E.G. THE PARENTAL RESPONSE TO DISCOVERING DELINQUENCY IN THEIR CHILDREN). PEERS) WITH VARIABLES THAT SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY IS THE THEORY THAT PEOPLE LEARN NEW BEHAVIOR THROUGH OVERT REINFORCEMENT OR PUNISHMENT, OR VIA OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING OF THE SOCIAL ACTORS IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT. IF PEOPLE OBSERVE POSITIVE, DESIRED OUTCOMES IN THE OBSERVED BEHAVIOR, THEY ARE MORE LIKELY TO MODEL, IMITATE, AND ADOPT THE BEHAVIOR THEMSELVES.
THEORY OF EVOLUTION CHARLES DARWIN S THEORY (1809 - 1882) IN THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION, HE CLAIMED THAT HUMANS, LIKE OTHER ANIMALS, ARE PARASITE. MAN IS AN ORGANISM HAVING AN ANIMALISTIC DEPENDENT ON OTHER SURVIVAL. THUS, MAN KILLS AND STEALS TO LIVE. BEHAVIOR THAT IS ANIMALS FOR
CHARLES GORINGS THEORY CHARLES GORING S THEORY (1870 - 1919) THE MEDICAL OFFICER IN PRISON IN ENGLAND WHO ACCEPTED THE LOMBROSO S PHYSIQUE IS A DETERMINANT TO BEHAVIOR. GORING CONCLUDED THAT THERE IS NO SUCH THING A PHYSICAL CHEMICAL TYPE. HE CONTRADICTED THE LOMBROSO S IDEA THAT CRIMINALITY CAN BE SEEN THROUGH FEATURES ALONE. NEVERTHELESS, GORING ACCEPTED THAT CRIMINALS ARE PHYSICALLY INFERIOR TO NORMAL INDIVIDUALS IN THE SENSE THAT CRIMINALS TEND TO BE SHORTER AND HAVE LESS WEIGHT THAN NON-CRIMINALS. CHALLENGE THAT BODY
EARNEST HOOTONS THEORY EARNEST HOOTON S THEORY (1887 - 1954) AN ANTHROPOLOGIST WHO REEXAMINED THE WORK OF GORING AND FOUND OUT THAT TALL THIN MEN TEND TO COMMIT FORGERY AND FRAUD, UNDERSIZED MEN ARE THIEVES AND BURGLARS, SHORT HEAVY PERSON COMMIT ASSAULT, RAPE AND OTHER SEX CRIMES; WHERE AS MEDIOCRE (AVERAGE) PHYSIQUE FLOUNDER AROUND AMONG OTHER CRIMES. HE ALSO CONTENDED THAT CRIMINALS ARE ORIGINALLY INFERIOR; AND THAT CRIME IS THE RESULT OF THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT.
