Understanding Applied Linguistics: Definitions, Rationale, and Purpose

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Outline
 
The texts you have produced
Graphic
Outline Structure – rationale
Chapter 1
History and ‘definitions’
‘In Anna Karenina and Onegin
not a single problem is solved
but they satisfy you completely
just because all the problems are
correctly presented.’
(Anton Chekov, letter to Alexei
Suvorin, 27 October 1888, in L.
Hellman (ed.), 
Selected Letters
of Anton Chekiv, 1955,
translated by S. Lederer.)
Opening Quotation. It
illustrates the text but
doesn’t necessarily
provides relevant
information for the
outline.
Outline Structure – rationale
1  - AVOIDING DEFINING
In St Paul’s Cathedral in London there
is no monument to its architect, Sir
Christopher Wren. Instead, an
inscription in the cathedral reads:
 
Si monumentum requires,
circumspice.
 
(If you seek a monument, gaze
around.)
The inscription is attributed to Wren’s
son. Whoever the author, its message is
clear: the cathedral is itself a
monument to its great creator.
Christopher Wren needs nothing more
than his own work to memorialise his
achievement.
Contextualization
through a life
experience. Again, no
relevant information for
the outline at this
moment.
Outline Structure – a sample
One definition of applied linguistics  is of this
kind
. It takes what we shall call the
‘function’ view of applied linguistics.
According to this view, applied
linguistics must be defined through
demonstration, that is by giving
examples of its work
. One reason for this is
that providing a definition of applied linguistics
is difficult. 
Its purpose, the amelioration
of language ‘problems’ (see Chapter 6) is
not disputed
. What is at issue is what sort of
applied linguistics content leads to the skills
and knowledge that will provide that
amelioration. Even medicine, so obvious in its
target, the amelioration of health ‘problems’, is
hard put to make clear its theoretical position
and to establish agreement on what the right
content of medical education is that helps to
provide a coherent framework for medicine and
is not just opportunist visitations from different
disciplines, anatomy biochemistry, psychology
and so on.
Possible definition of
Applied Linguistics.
Purposes for Applied
Linguistics.
Outline Structure – rationale
Like medicine there is little disagreement about
the purpose of applied linguistics, 
which is to
solve or at least ameliorate social
problems involving language. 
The
problems applied linguistics concerns itself
with are likely to be: How can we teach
languages better? How can we diagnose speech
pathologies better? How can we improve the
training of translators and interpreters? How
can we write a valid language examination?
How can we evaluate a school bilingual
programme? How can we determine the literacy
levels of a whole population? How can we
helpfully discuss the language of a text? What
advice can we offer the Ministry of Education
on a proposal to introduce a new medium of
instruction? How can we compare the
acquisition of a European and an Asian
language? What advice should we give a
defence lawyer on the authenticity of a police
transcript of an interview with a suspect?
Purpose of Applied
Linguistics
All those questions will
be simplified to general
terms.
Outline Structure – rationale
These ‘problems’ of applied
linguistics are not normally
about more general social
issues, such as unemployment,
except very marginally. However
what has come to be called
‘critical applied linguistics’ does
make that link. It takes up the
kinds of applied linguistics
‘problems’ we have listed and
then places them within a
broader political framework. I
refer to critical applied
linguistics in Chapter 2 and
return to it more fully in
Chapter 7.
To be brought up in
another section.
Outline Structure – rationale
So far I have used the term
‘applied linguistics’ as if it
were one word. But it is of
course two words, like
applied science, applied
mathematics. The 
Shorter
Oxford English Dictionary
defines 
 
‘applied’ as: ‘put
to practical use; practical as
opposed to abstract or
theoretical’. That seems
straightforward enough. Let
me turn to the second word,
‘linguistics’.
Definition of ‘applied’
Outline Structure – a sample
Chapter 1
History and ‘definitions’
1 - AVOIDING DEFINING
 
1.1 – Possible Definitions of A. Linguistics
  
1.1.1 – Defined through a functional
   
view.
   
1.1.1.1 understood by experience, work
  
1.1.2 – The term applied meaning something practical.
 
1.2 – Possible Purposes of  A. Linguistics
  
1.2.1  to help solve problems in diverse social areas
  
which involve language
Outline Structure – tips
Why should we write Outlines?
To have fast access to texts in a logical, simple and clear way.
To be able to still understand the text after some time without
needing to read it all over again
To be used as a study technique,
To retain the text´s information in the memory
How should we organize an Outline?
In a clear way, even though is not linear (sentence by sentence,
paragraph format)
Branching (allows the relation of ideas)
Subordination – one idea completes the other
Coordination – the ideas are of the same level
Outline- skills needed
Conciseness
Paraphrasing
If you ever quote, insert page number
Format
1- Heading
1.1 Full reference of the piece in ABNT format
2- Text
 
using key words, short sentences and branching
1-....
 
1.1....
  
1.1.1
   
1.1.1.1
2-....
Format
Do not leave out information from the text
UNLESS
-
It is not relevant to understand the text
(see first slide)
-
It is repetitive. You have outlined that already
Outline Structure – exercise
Read the first two paragraphs of section 2 (What’s
linguistics?) and sketch a possible outline.
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Delve into the realm of applied linguistics through a comprehensive outline featuring historical perspectives, defining moments, and the overarching purpose of this field. Explore how applied linguistics tackles language-related social issues and addresses challenges in education and communication.


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  1. Outline

  2. Outline Structure rationale Chapter 1 History and definitions Opening Quotation. It illustrates the text but doesn t necessarily provides relevant information for the outline. In Anna Karenina and Onegin not a single problem is solved but they satisfy you completely just because all the problems are correctly presented. (Anton Chekov, letter to Alexei Suvorin, 27 October 1888, in L. Hellman (ed.), Selected Letters of Anton Chekiv, 1955, translated by S. Lederer.)

  3. Outline Structure rationale 1 - AVOIDING DEFINING Contextualization through a life experience. Again, no relevant information for the outline at this moment. In St Paul s Cathedral in London there is no monument to its architect, Sir Christopher Wren. Instead, an inscription in the cathedral reads: Si monumentum requires, circumspice. (If you seek a monument, gaze around.) The inscription is attributed to Wren s son. Whoever the author, its message is clear: the cathedral is itself a monument to its great creator. Christopher Wren needs nothing more than his own work to memorialise his achievement.

  4. Outline Structure a sample One definition of applied linguistics is of this kind. It takes what we shall call the function view of applied linguistics. According to this view, applied linguistics must be defined through demonstration, that is by giving examples of its work. One reason for this is that providing a definition of applied linguistics is difficult. Its purpose, the amelioration of language problems (see Chapter 6) is not disputed. What is at issue is what sort of applied linguistics content leads to the skills and knowledge that will provide that amelioration. Even medicine, so obvious in its target, the amelioration of health problems , is hard put to make clear its theoretical position and to establish agreement on what the right content of medical education is that helps to provide a coherent framework for medicine and is not just opportunist visitations from different disciplines, anatomy biochemistry, psychology and so on. Possible definition of Applied Linguistics. Purposes for Applied Linguistics.

  5. Outline Structure rationale Like medicine there is little disagreement about the purpose of applied linguistics, which is to solve or at least ameliorate social problems involving language. The problems applied linguistics concerns itself with are likely to be: How can we teach languages better? How can we diagnose speech pathologies better? How can we improve the training of translators and interpreters? How can we write a valid language examination? How can we evaluate a school bilingual programme? How can we determine the literacy levels of a whole population? How can we helpfully discuss the language of a text? What advice can we offer the Ministry of Education on a proposal to introduce a new medium of instruction? How can we compare the acquisition of a European and an Asian language? What advice should we give a defence lawyer on the authenticity of a police transcript of an interview with a suspect? Purpose of Applied Linguistics All those questions will be simplified to general terms.

  6. Outline Structure rationale These problems of applied linguistics are not normally about more general social issues, such as unemployment, except very marginally. However what has come to be called critical applied linguistics does make that link. It takes up the kinds of applied linguistics problems we have listed and then places them within a broader political framework. I refer to critical applied linguistics in Chapter 2 and return to it more fully in Chapter 7. To be brought up in another section.

  7. Outline Structure rationale So far I have used the term applied linguistics as if it were one word. But it is of course two words, like applied science, applied mathematics. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines applied as: put to practical use; practical as opposed to abstract or theoretical . That seems straightforward enough. Let me turn to the second word, linguistics . Definition of applied

  8. Outline Structure a sample Chapter 1 History and definitions 1 - AVOIDING DEFINING 1.1 Possible Definitions of A. Linguistics 1.1.1 Defined through a functional view. 1.1.1.1 understood by experience, work 1.1.2 The term applied meaning something practical. 1.2 Possible Purposes of A. Linguistics 1.2.1 to help solve problems in diverse social areas which involve language

  9. Outline Structure tips Why should we write Outlines? To have fast access to texts in a logical, simple and clear way. To be able to still understand the text after some time without needing to read it all over again To be used as a study technique, To retain the text s information in the memory How should we organize an Outline? In a clear way, even though is not linear (sentence by sentence, paragraph format) Branching (allows the relation of ideas) Subordination one idea completes the other Coordination the ideas are of the same level

  10. Outline- skills needed Conciseness Paraphrasing If you ever quote, insert page number

  11. Format 1- Heading 1.1 Full reference of the piece in ABNT format 2- Text using key words, short sentences and branching 1-.... 1.1.... 1.1.1 1.1.1.1 2-....

  12. Format Do not leave out information from the text UNLESS - It is not relevant to understand the text (see first slide) - It is repetitive. You have outlined that already

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