Exploring Human Origins: Evolution and Phylogenetic Trees

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ASSET TUTORING
REVISION 2020
 
HUMAN ORIGINS 1: Humans and African Apes, Evidence for Evolution, Phylogenetic
trees
For each section please read the 
exam guidelines
 first before going on to the content.
Learn all the content in this presentation
 
Exam guidelines
 
Humans as primates along with many
African apes
 
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Order Primates
Genus Homo
Species sapiens
 
Phylogenetic trees a reminder
 
Show relationships between genera or
species
Must show a geological timeline.
Must show when different groups
branched off from other groups in
terms of geological time.
Evidence that is used to make a
phylogenetic tree is usually fossil
evidence ie fossils that have been
dated.
Usually the oldest organisms or
ancestors are at the bottom of the
tree
 
Evidence of common ancestors for living
hominids including humans
 
Interpretation
of a phylogenetic
tree to show the
place of the
family Hominidae
in the animal
kingdom
 
 
 
What is a phylogenetic tree?
What does every
phylogenetic tree show?
Look at the phylogenetic tree
that shows the place of the
family Hominidae in the
animal kingdom and answer
the following questions:
1. Who is the most closely
related organism to humans?
Give evidence from the
phylogenetic tree. (2)
2. When did the gorilla’s
branch off from the humans
and chimpanzees common
ancestor? (2)
3. Using evidence from the
phylogenetic tree, can
anyone say that humans are
descended from
chimpanzees? (3)
 
Humans, Hominins and African Apes: A big change in body proportions:
 
from the 
long
 arms
 and 
short
 legs
 of apes
to the 
short
 arms
 and 
long 
legs
 of humans
 
T
r
e
e
-
d
w
e
l
l
e
r
 
M
i
x
e
d
 
t
r
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e
 
a
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d
 
g
r
o
u
n
d
 
G
r
o
u
n
d
 
G
r
o
u
n
d
 
G
r
o
u
n
d
 
Cranial Capacity (='Brain Size')
?What about
AUSTRALOPITHECUS?
Looking at the palate, or roof of the mouth and the teeth (dentition)
T
h
e
 
D
e
n
t
a
l
 
A
r
c
a
d
e
ANGULAR
INTERMEDIATE
PARABOLIC
 
cheek teeth parallel
curved, not angular
curved
Incisors
Canine
“Cheek teeth”
(premolars and molars)
Gap (diastema)
between incisors
 and canine
(projects beyond
level of other teeth)
No diastema
Canine does
not project
Canine does
not project
Intermediate
2-1-2-3
2-1-2-3
2-1-2-3
 
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
 
o
f
 
h
a
n
d
s
 
C
h
i
m
p
a
n
z
e
e
 
H
u
m
a
n
 
A
.
 
s
e
d
i
b
a
 
Characteristics that humans and
African apes share
 
They have a large brain
They have eyes in front of their head
They have freely rotating arms
They have long upper arms with rotation around the
elbow joints
They have bare fingertips or nails instead of claws
They have opposable thumbs
 
Anatomical
differences
between the
African
apes and
humans,
with the aid of
diagrams,
 as it
applies to the
following
characteristics
:
 
 
Lines of evidence that support the idea of
common ancestors for living hominids
including humans
 
F
o
s
s
i
l
 
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
:
 
E
v
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d
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f
r
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s
s
i
l
s
 
o
f
 
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
 
a
g
e
s
 
s
h
o
w
 
t
h
a
t
 
t
h
e
a
n
a
t
o
m
i
c
a
l
 
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
 
o
f
 
o
r
g
a
n
i
s
m
s
 
c
h
a
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g
e
d
 
g
r
a
d
u
a
l
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y
 
o
v
e
r
 
t
i
m
e
.
 
 
Genetic evidence: 
Mitochondrial DNA – tracking MtDNA back through
female ancestors
Cultural evidence: 
Tool-making. Looking at more recent aspects of
humans as social animals eg tools and grave goods
 
Fossil evidence – see
slides on our
hominid ancestors
 
Mitochondrial DNA
 
20 000-year-old burial from Italy (Homo sapiens).
 
This teenage boy was buried with grave-goods
(ivory necklace and bone ornaments),
indicating a burial ritual
 
Cultural
Evidence
 
Stone age tools used as
weapons, jewelry and in
agriculture as well as rock
paintings are evidence for
evolution.
Oldest tools found in Africa
 
Go to Human Origins 2
 
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Delve into the fascinating realm of human origins through an examination of humans and African apes, evidence for evolution, and the construction of phylogenetic trees. Understand the relationships between species, common ancestors, and key evolutionary developments that have shaped the course of human evolution. Explore topics such as primates, cranial capacity, body proportions, and the significance of Australopithecus in our evolutionary history.


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  1. ASSET TUTORING REVISION 2020 HUMAN ORIGINS 1: Humans and African Apes, Evidence for Evolution, Phylogenetic trees For each section please read the exam guidelines first before going on to the content. Learn all the content in this presentation

  2. Exam guidelines

  3. Humans as primates along with many African apes Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Order Primates Genus Homo Species sapiens

  4. Phylogenetic trees a reminder Show relationships between genera or species Must show a geological timeline. Must show when different groups branched off from other groups in terms of geological time. Evidence that is used to make a phylogenetic tree is usually fossil evidence ie fossils that have been dated. Usually the oldest organisms or ancestors are at the bottom of the tree

  5. Evidence of common ancestors for living hominids including humans Interpretation of a phylogenetic tree to show the place of the family Hominidae in the animal kingdom

  6. What is a phylogenetic tree? What does every phylogenetic tree show? Look at the phylogenetic tree that shows the place of the family Hominidae in the animal kingdom and answer the following questions: 1. Who is the most closely related organism to humans? Give evidence from the phylogenetic tree. (2) 2. When did the gorilla s branch off from the humans and chimpanzees common ancestor? (2) 3. Using evidence from the phylogenetic tree, can anyone say that humans are descended from chimpanzees? (3)

  7. Humans, Hominins and African Apes: A big change in body proportions: from the long arms and short legs of apes to the short arms and long legs of humans Mixed treeand ground Tree-dweller Ground Ground Ground

  8. Cranial Capacity (='Brain Size')

  9. ?What about AUSTRALOPITHECUS?

  10. The Dental Arcade Looking at the palate, or roof of the mouth and the teeth (dentition) ANGULAR INTERMEDIATE cheek teeth parallel curved, not angular 2-1-2-3 PARABOLIC curved 2-1-2-3 2-1-2-3 Incisors Gap (diastema) between incisors and canine Intermediate No diastema Canine does not project Canine does not project Canine (projects beyond level of other teeth) Cheek teeth (premolars and molars)

  11. Comparison of hands Chimpanzee Human A. sediba

  12. Characteristics that humans and African apes share They have a large brain They have eyes in front of their head They have freely rotating arms They have long upper arms with rotation around the elbow joints They have bare fingertips or nails instead of claws They have opposable thumbs

  13. Anatomical differences between African apes and humans as it applies to the following characteristics Characteristic African apes Anatomical differences between the African apes and humans, with the aid of diagrams, as it applies to the following characteristics: Humans forward position under the centre of the skull More curved S shaped spine Bipedalism foramen magnum in a backward position less curved C shaped spine Bipedalism spine Bipedalism pelvic girdle Long narrow pelvis Small brain present/smaller cranial capacity Short wide pelvis larger brain present/larger cranial capacity Brain size (cranial capacity) large canines present, gap present between canines and incisors large jaw, more prognathous Teeth (dentition) small canines, no gaps between the teeth smaller jaws, not prognathous Prognathism long and rectangular, sometimes described as a U shape cranial ridge visible above cranium Well developed/protrudes out of skull Small and curved, sometimes described as a C shape Palate shape Cranial ridges No cranial ridge Brow ridges Not well developed

  14. Lines of evidence that support the idea of common ancestors for living hominids including humans Fossil evidence: Evidence from fossils of different ages show that the anatomical characteristics of organisms changed gradually over time. Genetic evidence: Mitochondrial DNA tracking MtDNA back through female ancestors Cultural evidence: Tool-making. Looking at more recent aspects of humans as social animals eg tools and grave goods

  15. Fossil evidence see slides on our hominid ancestors

  16. Mitochondrial DNA

  17. Cultural Evidence Stone age tools used as weapons, jewelry and in agriculture as well as rock paintings are evidence for evolution. Oldest tools found in Africa 20 000-year-old burial from Italy (Homo sapiens). This teenage boy was buried with grave-goods (ivory necklace and bone ornaments), indicating a burial ritual

  18. Go to Human Origins 2

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