Understanding Induction of Parturition in Animals

 
INDUCTION 
OF 
PARTURITION 
& ELECTIVE
TERMINATION 
OF 
PREGNANCY 
IN
 
ANIMALS
 
PA
R
TURITION
 
F
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A
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C
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CRH
 
AC
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Fetal
 
Corticosteroids
(Cortisol)
 
PA
R
TURITION
 
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A
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C
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t
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x
 
CRH
 
AC
T
H
 
Fetal
 
Corticosteroids
(Cortisol)
Lung
(surfac
t
ant)
Liver
(g
l
y
co
g
e
n
)
Thyroid
(meta
b
o
l
ism)
 
Progesterone
 
Estrogen
 
P
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F
2
 
 
Pl
a
ce
n
tome
 
PA
R
TURITION
 
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A
d
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C
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x
 
CRH
 
AC
T
H
 
Fetal
 
Corticosteroids
(Cortisol)
Lung
(surfac
t
ant)
Liver
(g
l
y
co
g
e
n
)
Thyroid
(meta
b
o
l
ism)
 
Progesterone
 
Estrogen
 
P
G
F
2
 
U
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r
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e
C
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a
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s
 
P
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R
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O
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Pl
a
ce
n
tome
Cervical
Ripening
 
FINAL ROLE OF
 
OXYTOCIN
 
Sensory Neurons in
 
Cervix
 
Oxytocin 
from
Posterior
 
Pituitary
 
Myometrial
C
o
ntr
a
ctio
n
s
 
HORMONAL CHANGES 
ASSOCIATED 
WITH
 
PARTURITION
 
FETAL ADRENAL CHANGES
 
WITH
 
AGE
 
A
d
r
e
n
a
l
 
G
l
a
n
d
 
W
e
i
g
h
t
 
Parturition
 
F
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A
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t
s
 
INDICATIONS
 
D
u
r
i
n
g
 
n
o
r
m
a
l
 
g
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
Misidentification 
of a breeding
 
female
Accidental breeding 
of a very young 
heifer,
 
and
Unwanted 
pregnancy 
in 
feedlot
 
heifers.
D
u
r
i
n
g
 
a
b
n
o
r
m
a
l
 
g
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
Fetal
 
maceration,
Fetal
 
mummification
Hydramnios, and
 
hydrallantois.
 
INDUCTION 
OF
 
PARTURITION
 
Dexamethazone
Potent 
synthetic
 
cortisol
Works 
in all
 
species
Takes 
2 to 3
 
days
PGF
2a
Swine, 
cattle 
and
 
sheep
Oxytocin
Human,
 
horse
 
PGF
2
α 
results 
in luteolysis 
at 
any stage of
 
pregnancy;
PGF
2
α 
treatment 
alone induces abortion only up 
to 
5 
months 
of
 
gestation.
Rarely, 
luteolysis is incomplete, (luteal progesterone remains above 
the
threshold), 
and partial cervical dilation and abdominal straining 
may 
occur
before 
the 
cow 
resumes 
normal
 
gestation.
 
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
 
Reduce placental progesterone secretion 
from 
150 days 
of
 
gestation.
Luteal progesterone level is 
unaffected, 
induces abortion 
the 
last month 
of
gestation.
During 
the 
final month 
of 
gestation, glucocorticoids 
act at the 
feto-placental
unit 
to 
increase 
the 
production 
of 
oestradiol and 
PGF
2
α, 
resulting in induced
parturition.
A 
combination 
of 
PG and glucocorticoids will induce abortion 
from 
150 days
of
 gestation.
 
OESTROGENS
 
During 
the 
first 
2 
to 
3 
days 
after 
ovulation, administration 
of E2 
alters
 
oviductal
transport 
of 
the 
bovine 
embryo and 
terminates
 
pregnancy.
After 
corpus 
luteum 
formation, 
estrogens 
cause luteolysis 
by 
inducing the
endogenous 
PGF
2
α 
luteolytic 
cascade 
from 
the
 
endometrium.
abortion 
can 
be 
induced 
reliably 
at 
up 
to 
150 
days 
of
 
gestation.
30mg 
estradiol 
valerate
, 
alone 
or 
in 
combination 
with 
dexamethasone 
in 
cows
between 
200 and 
220 
days 
of 
gestation 
has not been 
shown 
to 
decrease serum
progesterone 
or 
result 
in abortion.
 
Caution:
Do 
not 
induce before day 269 
of
 
gestation
Methods
Dexamethasone
o
parturition in 48
 
hours
o
Dexa. 
+ 
PGF induces within 
35
±
2 
hrs
o
High incidence 
of 
retained placenta
Estrogen given before Dexa. eases
 
parturition
.
PGF
o
Works 
near 
term but may 
require long acting or 2
 
doses
o
Used 
to 
remove mumified
 
fetus.
 
INDUCTION OF 
PARTURITION
 
IN
COW
 
INDUCTION OF 
PARTURITION
 
IN
EWE
 
Dexamethasone
Parturition within 24 
72
 
hrs
No retained placenta
 
problem.
 
PGF
2a
Lutalyse
works 
best to 
abort prior 
to 
day
 
50
multiple injections will work 
to 
induce parturition near
 
term
 
INDUCTION OF 
PARTURITION
 
IN
THE
 
SOW
 
Survival only 
after 
day 
111 
of
 
gestation
PGF
2a
P
arturition within 24 
48
 
hrs
PGF at 8 AM 
followed 
by 
oxytocin 
24 hrs
 
latter
Sows 
farrow 
between 
8 
AM 
and 5 
PM 
following
 
oxytocin
Farrowing:1 
to 
8 
hrs. 
with 15 min interval 
b/w
 
piglets.
Oxytocin 
can be given 
if 
delay in expulsion 
of 
subsequent piglet is
noticed.
decrease stillbirth 
occurs in large litters 
or 
after 
extended
 
parturition
 
INDUCTION 
OF 
PARTURITION 
IN
 
THE
MARE
 
Do 
not 
do this unless absolute
 
need!!!
Variable 
length 
of 
gestation in
 
mare
Not sure of foal
 
maturity
Oxytocin after day
 
320
Problems
Foal may require extensive veterinary care in first few weeks of 
life 
– impact
 
on
social maturity of
 
foal
Colostrum in
 
mare
Lung maturity in
 
foal
 
INDICATIONS
 
Mismating
Change in
 
ownership
Age or health 
of
 
dam
Abnormal 
gestation,
 
and
Twin
 
pregnancy.
 
TERMINATION 
OF PREGNANCY UP 
TO
 
150
D
A
YS
 
P
r
o
s
t
a
g
l
a
n
d
i
n
s
Upto 5 months of
 
pregnancy.
PGF
2
α or an
 
analogue
PGF
2
α : 25 mg
 
IM
Cloprostenol: 500 µg
 
IM
Fenprostalene: 1 mg
 
SC
 
I
n
t
r
a
u
t
e
r
i
n
e
 
i
n
f
u
s
i
o
n
 
o
f
 
i
r
r
i
t
a
t
i
n
g
 
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
Between days 5 and 10 
after 
ovulation, prevents the 
establishment 
of 
pregnancy
and may 
cause 
luteolysis and early return to
 
oestrus.
Later 
than 
11 
days after 
ovulation 
occasionally lengthens the oestrous
 
cycle.
Up to 90 days 
of gestation, causes 
embryonic death 
necessitating 
manual
evacuation of uterine
 
contents.
Suitable
 solutions
Aqueous iodine
 
0.5%
Tetracycline 
2 Gm in
 
saline.
 
O
x
y
t
o
c
i
n
First 
few days 
after 
ovulation may prevent the 
establishment 
of
 
pregnancy
O
e
s
t
r
o
g
e
n
s
Administration within 72 h of ovulation impedes oviductal 
transit 
of
 
embryos.
Up to 5 months of 
gestation, 
administration of an 
oestradiol 
ester, 
such 
as 
oestradiol
valerate, results in abortion within 7 days. Occasional abortions occur up to 14 days
after
 
treatment.
Oestradiol should 
be administered every 4 
days until
 
abortion.
Diethylstilesterol: 40-80 mg
 
IM
Oestradiol ester: 4-8 mg
 
IM
 
MANUAL
 
TECHNIQUES
 
1.Manual enucleation of the
 
CL
By transrectal 
manipulation 
manual 
enucleation of 
CL 
removes progesterone  
support 
for
pregnancy 
and 
results 
in abortion 
at 
up 
to 
150
 
days.
Conceptus 
will 
be aborted 
in 
2-5 days 
late 
or
 
resorbed.
Limitations
Induce adhesions 
of the ovary and 
ovarian
 
bursa
Occasionally, 
severe 
hemorrhage, 
sometimes
 
fatal.
 
2.Manual 
rupture 
of 
the amniotic
 
vesicle
By transrectal 
manipulation 
it is 
possible 
to 
manually 
rupture 
once 
the 
vesicle 
can
be 
palpated 
at 
30 
to 
35 
days 
of
 
gestation.
After 
60 
days 
and 
up 
to 
120 
days 
of 
gestation, 
it is 
possible 
to 
terminate
 
pregnancy
by 
manual 
decapitation 
of 
the
 
fetus.
The 
mean time 
to 
abortion is 25 
days, 
but 
abortion 
may 
occur up 
to 
8 
weeks after
treatment.
 
IN 
HYDRALLANTOIS 
AND
 
HYDRAMNIOS
 
Pregnancy 
can 
be 
terminated 
within 48 h in 
cows 
with 
simultaneous 
administration
of PGF
2
α and 
dexamethasone.
Supportive 
treatment 
is necessary 
to 
compensate 
fluid 
loss.
Parturition usually 
is
 
abnormal.
C-section 
may 
be 
an 
alternative 
to 
induced
 
parturition.
 
IN 
FETAL
 
MUMMIFICATION
 
PGF
2
α or an
 
analogue
Therapeutic agent 
of
 
choice.
Expulsion of 
the 
fetus 
: 
24-72
 
h.
return 
to 
fertility 
within 
1-3
 
months.
Retreatment
 
occationally
Oestrogens
Luteolytic doses of 
estrogen 
also 
results 
in 
expulsion 
of 
mummified
 
fetuses.
Repeated treatments 
may 
be necessary 
at 
48 h
 
intervals.
After 
treatment, 
the mummified 
fetus may 
become 
lodged 
in the 
vagina,
requiring lubrication 
and manual
 
removal.
 
MTP
 
Mismated dogs that may be too young or small for breeding, may be held 
in 
reserve
for 
breeding 
at 
some future 
date, 
or 
scheduled 
to be bred to a 
different
 
stud.
Injury or 
disease 
that may compromise the
 
life
 
DURING 
PREATTACHMENT 
PERIOD
 
IN
 
C
A
N
IN
E
 
THANK
 
YOU
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Explore the process of inducing and terminating parturition in animals, including the hormonal changes associated with pregnancy, fetal nutritional demands, and indications for induction. Learn about the role of oxytocin, adrenal changes in fetuses, and various methods used for inducing parturition.


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  1. INDUCTION INDUCTION OF TERMINATION TERMINATION OF OF PARTURITION PARTURITION & ELECTIVE OF PREGNANCY PREGNANCY IN & ELECTIVE IN ANIMALS ANIMALS

  2. Fetal Nutritional Demands CRH ACTH PARTURITION Pituitary Anterior Adrenal Cortex Hypothalamus Placental Insufficiency Fetal Corticosteroids (Cortisol)

  3. Fetal Nutritional Demands CRH ACTH PARTURITION Pituitary Anterior Adrenal Cortex Hypothalamus Placental Insufficiency Fetal Corticosteroids (Cortisol) Lung Liver (glycogen) Thyroid (metabolism) Placentome (surfactant) Progesterone Estrogen PGF2

  4. Fetal Nutritional Demands CRH ACTH PARTURITION Pituitary Anterior Adrenal Cortex Hypothalamus Placental Insufficiency Fetal Corticosteroids (Cortisol) Lung Liver (glycogen) Thyroid (metabolism) Placentome (surfactant) Progesterone Estrogen PGF2 Uterine Myometrium Gapjunctions Uterine Endometrium Oxytocinreceptors Cow,Sow Triggers CL Regression PGF2 Oxytocin Ovary (CL) Cervical Ripening Uterine Contractions Relaxin

  5. FINAL ROLE OF OXYTOCIN Sensory Neurons in Cervix Oxytocin from Posterior Pituitary Myometrial Contractions

  6. HORMONAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PARTURITION

  7. FETAL ADRENAL CHANGES WITH AGE Change in Adrenal Size is a Response to Stress!! Lack of space Lack of gas exchange Lack of nutrients Adrenal Gland Weight Parturition FetalAge

  8. INDICATIONS During normal gestation Misidentification of a breeding female Accidental breeding of a very young heifer, and Unwanted pregnancy in feedlot heifers. During abnormal gestation Fetal maceration, Fetal mummification Hydramnios, and hydrallantois.

  9. INDUCTION OF PARTURITION Dexamethazone Potent synthetic cortisol Works in all species Takes 2 to 3 days PGF2a Swine, cattle and sheep Oxytocin Human, horse

  10. PGF2 results in luteolysis at any stage of pregnancy; PGF2 treatment alone induces abortion only up to 5 months of gestation. Rarely, luteolysis is incomplete, (luteal progesterone remains above the threshold), and partial cervical dilation and abdominal straining may occur before the cow resumes normal gestation.

  11. GLUCOCORTICOIDS Reduce placental progesterone secretion from 150 days of gestation. Luteal progesterone level is unaffected, induces abortion the last month of gestation. During the final month of gestation, glucocorticoids act at the feto-placental unit to increase the production of oestradiol and PGF2 , resulting in induced parturition. A combination of PG and glucocorticoids will induce abortion from 150 days of gestation.

  12. OESTROGENS During the first 2 to 3 days after ovulation, administration of E2 alters oviductal transport of the bovine embryo and terminatespregnancy. After corpus luteum formation, estrogens cause luteolysis by inducing the endogenous PGF2 luteolytic cascade from the endometrium. abortion can be induced reliably at up to 150 days of gestation. 30mg estradiol valerate, alone or in combination with dexamethasone in cows between 200 and 220 days of gestation has not been shown to decrease serum progesterone or result in abortion.

  13. INDUCTION OF PARTURITION IN COW Caution: Do not induce before day 269 of gestation Methods Dexamethasone oparturition in 48 hours oDexa. + PGF induces within 35 2 hrs oHigh incidence of retained placenta Estrogen given before Dexa. eases parturition. PGF oWorks near term but may require long acting or 2 doses oUsed to remove mumified fetus.

  14. INDUCTION OF PARTURITION IN EWE Dexamethasone Parturition within 24 72 hrs No retained placenta problem. PGF2a Lutalyse works best to abort prior to day 50 multiple injections will work to induce parturition near term

  15. INDUCTION OF PARTURITION IN THE SOW Survival only after day 111 of gestation PGF2a Parturition within 24 48 hrs PGF at 8 AM followed by oxytocin 24 hrs latter Sows farrow between 8 AM and 5 PM following oxytocin Farrowing:1 to 8 hrs. with 15 min interval b/w piglets. Oxytocin can be given if delay in expulsion of subsequent piglet is noticed. decrease stillbirth occurs in large litters or after extended parturition

  16. INDUCTION OF PARTURITION IN THE MARE Do not do this unless absolute need!!! Variable length of gestation in mare Not sure of foal maturity Oxytocin after day 320 Problems Foal may require extensive veterinary care in first few weeks of life impacton social maturity of foal Colostrum in mare Lung maturity in foal

  17. INDICATIONS Mismating Change in ownership Age or health of dam Abnormal gestation, and Twin pregnancy.

  18. TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY UP TO150 DAYS Prostaglandins Upto 5 months of pregnancy. PGF2 or an analogue PGF2 : 25 mg IM Cloprostenol: 500 g IM Fenprostalene: 1 mg SC

  19. Intrauterine infusion of irritating solutions Between days 5 and 10 after ovulation, prevents the establishment of pregnancy and may cause luteolysis and early return to oestrus. Later than 11 days after ovulation occasionally lengthens the oestrous cycle. Up to 90 days of gestation, causes embryonic death necessitating manual evacuation of uterine contents. Suitable solutions Aqueous iodine 0.5% Tetracycline 2 Gm in saline.

  20. Oxytocin First few days after ovulation may prevent the establishment of pregnancy Oestrogens Administration within 72 h of ovulation impedes oviductal transit of embryos. Up to 5 months of gestation, administration of an oestradiol ester, such as oestradiol valerate, results in abortion within 7 days. Occasional abortions occur up to 14 days after treatment. Oestradiol should be administered every 4 days until abortion. Diethylstilesterol: 40-80 mg IM Oestradiol ester: 4-8 mg IM

  21. MANUALTECHNIQUES 1.Manual enucleation of the CL By transrectal manipulation manual enucleation of CL removes progesterone support for pregnancy and results in abortion at up to 150 days. Conceptus will be aborted in 2-5 days late or resorbed. Limitations Induce adhesions of the ovary and ovarian bursa Occasionally, severe hemorrhage, sometimes fatal.

  22. 2.Manual rupture of the amniotic vesicle By transrectal manipulation it is possible to manually rupture once the vesicle can be palpated at 30 to 35 days of gestation. After 60 days and up to 120 days of gestation, it is possible to terminate pregnancy by manual decapitation of the fetus. The mean time to abortion is 25 days, but abortion may occur up to 8 weeks after treatment.

  23. IN HYDRALLANTOIS AND HYDRAMNIOS Pregnancy can be terminated within 48 h in cows with simultaneous administration of PGF2 and dexamethasone. Supportive treatment is necessary to compensate fluid loss. Parturition usually is abnormal. C-section may be an alternative to induced parturition.

  24. IN FETAL MUMMIFICATION PGF2 or an analogue Therapeutic agent of choice. Expulsion of the fetus : 24-72 h. return to fertility within 1-3 months. Retreatmentoccationally Oestrogens Luteolytic doses of estrogen also results in expulsion of mummified fetuses. Repeated treatments may be necessary at 48 h intervals. After treatment, the mummified fetus may become lodged in the vagina, requiring lubrication and manual removal.

  25. MTP Mismated dogs that may be too young or small for breeding, may be held in reserve for breeding at some future date, or scheduled to be bred to a different stud. Injury or disease that may compromise the life

  26. DURING PRE-OSSIFICATION PERIOD IN CANINE ( Days 20-22 through 40 -42 after LH peak ) Drugs Dose Route Frequency PGF2 alpha 0.1-0.25 mg/kg SC BID for 4-6 days Cloprostenol 1.0-2.5 g/kg SC Once a day for 5 days Cabergoline Plus Cloprostenol 5 g/kg 1 g/kg Oral SC Once a day for 5 days Once in 48 h Bromocriptine Plus Cloprostenol 30 g/kg 1 g/kg Oral SC TID On days 28 and 32 after LH peak Bromocriptine PlusPGF2 alpha 10 g/kg 100 g/kg Oral SC TID TID Aglepristone 10 mg/kg SC Once a day for 2 days

  27. DURING PREATTACHMENT PERIOD IN CANINE DURING PRE-ATTACHMENT PERIOD IN CANINE (Fertilization to days 20-22 after LH peak) Drugs Dose Route Frequency Aglepristone 10 mg/kg SC Once a day for 2 days Oestradiol Benzoate 10 g/kg (max 1 g) SC Divided in to 2-3 injections / once in 48 h. Begin 2-4 days after mating Cloprostenol 1.0-2.5 g/kg SC BID to QID for 5 days begining of day 5 of diestrus Natural PGF2 alpha 10-250 g/kg SC BID to QID, days 5-11 of diestrus

  28. THANK THANKYOU YOU

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