Metal Detectorists and Antiquities Laws in Eastern Mediterranean

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Post-Doctoral Research Fellow Dr. Samuel Andrew Hardy explores treasure hunting and metal detecting by detectorists from Sweden in Turkey, Greece, and Cyprus. The legal frameworks regarding metal detecting and excavation of archaeological sites differ in Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey. While unlicensed excavation and metal detecting around archaeological sites are illegal in Cyprus, they are licensed activities in designated locations in Greece and Turkey. Implementation of these laws can vary based on the circumstances. Treasure hunting and antiquities trafficking are also addressed in this insightful study.

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metal metal- -detectorists, even from Sweden , detectorists, even from Sweden , in Turkey, Greece and Cyprus: online in Turkey, Greece and Cyprus: online social organisation of treasure social organisation of treasure- -hunting in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Eastern Mediterranean hunting Dr. Samuel Andrew Hardy Post-Doctoral Research Fellow in Cultural Heritage and Conflicts at the Norwegian Institute in Rome for the Heritage Experience Initiative of the University of Oslo samarkeolog@gmail.com / s.a.hardy@roma.uio.no / @conflictantiq https://conflictantiquities.wordpress.com Investigating and Policing Antiquities Trafficking and Forgery in a Digital Age, Stockholm, Sweden, 25th-26thApril 2019

law on the island of Cyprus law on the island of Cyprus southern, Greek Cypriot admin unlicensed excavation of archaeological sites is illegal metal-detecting on or around archaeological sites has been explicitly illegal since 1996 possession or use of a detecting device at an archaeological site, at an ancient monument or near (within 500 metres of) an ancient monument is illegal use of a detecting device to find or detect antiquities is illegal licensed detecting is legal in unprotected areas northern, Turkish Cypriot admin unlicensed excavation of archaeological sites is illegal metal-detecting on or around archaeological sites has been explicitly illegal since 1994 import or possession of an unlicensed detecting device that is or could be used at an ancient site on the surface, underground or underwater is illegal use of a detecting device to find antiquities, or with the intent to find antiquities, is illegal

law in Greece and Turkey law in Greece and Turkey Greece metal-detecting is a licensed activity in designated locations of non-archaeological deposits, such as beaches the law is widely known and it is displayed by enterprises that offer Rentals Sales Exchanges Repairs [and] Upgrades (e.g. Gold Detector Vlachos Team, 2013) Turkey searching for antiquities is a licensed activity hunting for treasure is a licensed activity the law is well-known and its text is distributed by treasure- hunters who use metal- detectors, such as Vakko (2019)

law and implementation law and implementation If, for example, the check happens in or near the archaeological site and the suspect has in their possession a detector and digging equipment, then it is exceedingly probable that they have or were going to excavate. If, however, the check happens in [Athens neighbourhood] Patisia, for example, and only the detector is found in their vehicle, then its use does not ensue (nor is it probable), in which case there is no infringement. (sakis01, 2014)

searches in English, Greek and Turkish searches in English, Greek and Turkish Google Scholar metal detecting and illicit antiquities metal detecting and antiquities and looting metal detectors and illicit antiquities metal detectors and antiquities and looting metal detecting and ethnography or poll or survey Google Web metal detecting forum treasure hunting forum metal detectors sold (which should also find metal detectors bought) metal detecting and Cyprus or Greece or Turkey metal detectors sold and Cyprus or Greece or Turkey antiquities and detector and caught or detained or arrested and Cyprus or Greece or Turkey

searches in English, Greek and Turkish searches in English, Greek and Turkish Facebook Pages and Groups in English detectors Cyprus detectors Greece in Greek gold detectors metal detectors treasure hunters Facebook Pages and Groups in English detectors Turkey in Turkish detector hoard treasure treasure hoard treasure hunter treasure hunting

complicated arrangements complicated arrangements one detectorist may have three detectors (e.g. H r Haber, 2013) two detectorists may share five detectors (e.g. Trakyal Haber, 2016) one detectorist may have two detectors (e.g. lk c Haber, 2017) one detectorist may have one detector (e.g. Milliyet, 2015) three detectorists may collaborate while each having one detector (e.g. Malkara Son Haber, 2014) four detectorists may loot together while sharing four detectors (e.g. Radyo G n l, 2015) five detectorists may loot together while sharing three detectors (e.g. Konya Kent Haber, 2008) two detectorists may loot together while sharing one detector (e.g. Milliyet, 2016) four detectorists may loot together while sharing one detector (e.g. Marmara Gazetesi, 2017) four detectorists may collaborate while sharing one detector (e.g. Yerel Haber, 2016) five detectorists may loot together while sharing one detector (e.g. Son Dakika 23, 2017) six detectorists may loot together while sharing one detector (e.g. Kathimerini, 2018a) and sometimes a small crane and an intercom system as well (Kathimerini, 2018a)

foreign detectorists, even from Sweden (Souliotis, 2006) interest from the USA (e.g. busytire01, 2009) to the UK (e.g. Skialps, 2015) to the Netherlands (e.g. blauwmarc, 2006) foreign residents and visiting tourists seek advice on effective equipment and productive sites (e.g. ~Alan~, 2010; bigthano, 2008; busytire01, 2009b)