Understanding Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules
Organic chemistry focuses on compounds with carbon bonds, while inorganic chemistry deals with other compounds. Carbon is unique due to its ability to form multiple bonds, creating diverse structures like chains and rings. Organic compounds, produced by living organisms, range from simple to complex with strong covalent bonds. Inorganic compounds, not containing carbon-hydrogen bonds, can also be found in living and non-living environments. Macromolecules, essential in living organisms, are polymers made from monomers and include carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Inorganic chemistry- the study of all other compounds
WHY IS CARBON SO SPECIAL? Carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to form up to four bonds with many other elements. One carbon atom can bond to another, giving it the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length. These carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double or even triple covalent bonds. Chains of carbon atoms can even close up on themselves to form rings. HONC 1234
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS VS. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic Are usually defined as compounds which contain carbon with hydrogen. (May contain additional elements as well) Are produced only by living things (biotic). Range from simple to very complex. Contain strong, covalent bonds. Examples: CH4, C6H12O6, SUGARS, PROTEINS, FATS, OILS, DNA Inorganic Usually defined as compounds that do not contain carbon with hydrogen. (May contain just carbon.) Often can be formed in the non-living (abiotic) environment, but : Can also be made by/found in living things. Examples: H2O, NaCl, O2, NH3, CaCO3, CO2
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS VS. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Substance Substance Organic? Organic? Inorganic? Inorganic? table 1. sodium chloride (table salt): NaCl 2. glucose: C6H12O6 3. water: H2O 4. heating oil: C14H30 5. chitin (a protein): C8H12NO5 6. thymine (a nitrogenous base): C5H5N2O2 7. sulfuric acid: H2SO4 8. oxygen gas: O2 9. ethanol: C2H5OH 10. adenosine triphosphate (ATP): C10H16N5O13P3 11. carbon dioxide: CO2
MACROMOLECULES The main organic molecules of living things Are Polymers made from monomers Monomers are small repeating units Polymers are larger molecules made from putting the monomers together. 4 major groups of macromolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Protein
MACROMOLECULES Basic Building Basic Building Blocks (Monomers) Blocks (Monomers) Macromolecule Macromolecule ( (Polymer) Polymer) GROUP GROUP Monosaccharides Polysaccharide Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Glycerol 3 fatty acids Triglyceride Lipids Lipids Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Amino acids Polypeptide/protein Proteins Proteins The exception: The exception: Lipids are not composed of monomers and polymers. Instead, they take different forms which we will discuss.
MACROMOLECULES Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Proteins Proteins Breads, fruit, sweets, vegetables Fats (butter), oils (olive, etc.) Foods in Foods in which which they are they are found found Meat, fish, beans, soy All foods that came from living things
BUILDING AND BREAKING DOWN MACROMOLECULES 2 major chemical processes (metabolic reactions) occur to build up organic molecules into larger or smaller units These reactions occur to build and break all four types of macromolecule (carb, lipid, nucleic acid, and protein) build up or break down break down Dehydration synthesis hydrolysis
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS The chemical reaction where a large molecule is formed/synthesized from smaller molecules by taking away a water molecule
HYDROLYSIS The chemical reaction where a large molecule is broken down/hydrolized into smaller molecules by adding a water molecule disaccharide + water yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide
CARBOHYDRATES Are sugar molecules Made of the elements C, H, O in the ratio of 1:2:1 Main source of energy for living things They range from small, monosaccharides (simple sugars) (simple sugars) to intermediate molecules such as disaccharides, disaccharides, to large polysaccharides polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates). carbohydrates). monosaccharides (complex
CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides smallest unit or monomer of a carbohydrate can be combined by dehydration synthesis to form larger molecules like disaccharides and polysaccharides Examples: Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose Chemical Formula: C6H12O6 galactose fructose glucose C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6
CARBOHYDRATES Structural Isomers same formula, but different structures galactose fructose glucose C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 ribose ribose Another monosaccharide is ribose. It is a component of RNA (ribonucleic acid) C5H10O5
CARBOHYDRATES Disaccharide- a compound made by joining two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis Examples: 1. Sucrose (table sugar)- made from a glucose combined with a fructose 2. Lactose (milk sugar)- made from a glucose combined with a galactose
CARBOHYDRATES Polysaccharides- large molecules made by combining many monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis
CARBOHYDRATES 3 main examples of polysaccharides: Polysaccharide: Polysaccharide: Starch Found in: Found in: Made of: Made of: Used for: Used for: Plants (starch granules) Glucose monomers Storage of excess sugar Glycogen Animals (liver and muscles) Glucose monomers Storage of excess sugar Cellulose Plants (cell walls) Glucose monomers Rigidity for firm cell walls
CARBOHYDRATES Structure of Polysaccharides All made of glucose monomers but in different arrangements: Straight chain Branched chain Diagonal bonds, many combined chains
CARBOHYDRATES Why do endurance athletes often consume a diet high in complex carbohydrates while training? If a starch polysaccharide 100 glucose molecules long is hydrolyzed, how many water molecules are needed to break the bonds?
LIPIDS Are important for energy, cell structure, and waterproof coatings. Generally not soluble not soluble in water Contain C, H, O (NOT in a 1:2:1 ratio) Lipids do not do not have a repeating structural monomer unit. They do not technically form polymers. Different lipids have different structures.
TYPES OF LIPIDS *1) *1)Fats Fats- - triglycerides triglycerides that are solid at room temperature; usually from animal sources Examples: butter, shortening, lard *2) *2) Oils Oils- - triglycerides triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature; usually from plant sources Examples: sunflower oil, olive oil, corn oil 3) 3) Waxes Waxes - ear wax, beeswax, and the waxy layer on the surface of plant leaves. 4) 4) Steroids Steroids - - cholesterol; hormones such as testosterone; pigments used in animal vision and in photosynthesis. 5) 5) Phospholipids Phospholipids important structural component of cell membranes
TRIGLYCERIDES Triglycerides are lipids that form when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 molecules called fatty acids. The structure of the fatty acid determines the function of the triglyceride 3 fatty acids Glycerol
SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS 1) A fatty acid is SATURATED if each carbon in a lipid s fatty acid chain is bonded to another carbon atom by a single bond (no C=C double or triple bonds) tend to form molecules called Saturated fats which are solid at room temperature. contain the maximum amount of hydrogens possible. unfortunately, not very 'heart-healthy'! single
SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS A fatty acid is UNSATURATED if there is at least one carbon- carbon double bond (monounsaturated). A fatty acid is said to be POLYUNSATURATED if there are more than one carbon-carbon double bond tend to form molecules called oils which are liquid at room temperature. contain fewer hydrogens these are more "heart-healthy"! oils
FORMATION OF TRIGLYCERIDES Fatty acids are attached to the glycerol molecules by dehydration synthesis. This occurs at the carboxyl end of each fatty acid The carboxyl group can be written as COOH or -COOH. The carboxyl group contains a carbonyl (C=O) group and a hydroxyl ( OH) group. How many water molecules are removed in the formation of 1 triglyceride? Carboxyl group
TRIGLYCERIDES Why do you think saturated fats are solid and unsaturated fats are liquids? Think about the structure/layout of each. Saturated Unsaturated
FATTY ACIDS Melting point is the temperature at which a substance melts. Which one of the fatty acids in the table is saturated? Which is monounsaturated? Which are polyunsaturated? -5 -11 How does the number of double bonds affect the melting point?
NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information (EXAMPLES: DNA and RNA) Contain C, H, O, N, P. Made of monomers called nucleotides Many nucleotides come together by dehydration synthesis to form the nucleic acid polymers (DNA or RNA) Three parts to a nucleotide Nitrogenous base 5-carbon sugar Phosphate group
EXCEPTION A special nucleotide called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores & releases energy. ATP molecules are nucleotides but do not come together to make polymers. Notice 3 phosphate groups instead of one in the ATP nucleotide
DNA AND RNA DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid Nucleic acid that stores genetic information Holds the codes (genes) for proteins Contains the 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose RNA- Ribonucleic acid The helper molecule for DNA in the making of proteins Contains the 5-carbon sugar ribose How many nucleotides are in the nucleic acid above?
CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DNA RNA Protein Trait
