Energy Auditor & General Construction Learning Program

General Construction and
Carpentry
WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – December 2012
WEATHERIZATION ENERGY AUDITOR SINGLE FAMILY
By attending this session, participants will be able to:
Define residential house construction terminology.
Recognize characteristics of various types of structural
framing.
Identify different foundation, wall, roof, window, and door
systems.
Recognize characteristics of balloon and platform framing.
Explain the impact that different framing types have on air
leakage.
Review window and door installation processes.
Learning Objectives
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Photo courtesy of U.S. Department of Energy
House Framing Terminology
 
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GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Slab on Grade Foundation
Basement or Crawl Space Foundation
 
Pier and Beam Foundation
Foundation Types
Photo courtesy of PA WTC
Photo courtesy of Wikipedia
Photo courtesy of Wikipedia
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Visual Assessment - Perimeter
Note floor joists,
band joist, and
mud sill that make
up what is known
as the “box sill.”
This box sill
is a common
perimeter leakage
site in basements.
Photo courtesy of U.S. Department of Energy
Band Joist
Mud Sill
Floor Joists
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Balloon Framing
Photo courtesy of the US Department of Energy
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GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Porch roof cavity may be open to wall cavities.
Air Leakage in Balloon Frame
Arrows indicate air escaping
from back of porch roof to
adjoining wall cavities.
Photo courtesy of the US Department of Energy
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Platform Framing
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Photo courtesy of the US Department of Energy
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Wall Construction Details
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GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Air Leakage in Platform Frame
Kitchen wall
cabinets mounted
under soffit or
valance.
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Graphic courtesy of Anthony Cox
Air Leakage in Platform Frame
If you see soffit-
mounted cabinets,
remember to
investigate during
attic inspection.
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Graphic courtesy of Anthony Cox
Roof Construction Types
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GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
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Roof Framing Details
 
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GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Roof Features and Terms
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GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Roof Eaves Detail
 
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GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
 
 
Knee Wall Attics
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Open Wall Cavities
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Graphic courtesy of Anthony Cox
Changes in Ceiling Height
The interior wall cavities
act as a chimney that
robs the house of heat
and conditioned air.
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Graphic courtesy of Anthony Cox
Dropped Ceiling Over Closet
In older homes the ceiling
level changes in closets,
causing gaps in the
pressure and thermal
boundaries.
Closet ceiling
Photo courtesy of the US Department of Energy
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Window Terminology
Trim
Glass Plane
Head Jamb
Upper Sash
Side Jamb
Lower Sash
Stop
Sill
(sloped)
Typical
Wood Window
Exterior
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Image developed for US DOE WAP National Standardized Curricula
Window Types
Awning
Picture
Casement
Slider
Double
Hung
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Image developed for US DOE WAP National Standardized Curricula
Window Treatments
Where applicable:
Replace broken glass.
Replace broken sash locks.
Weatherstrip meeting rails
and sliding surfaces.
Install pulley seals.
Caulk interior trim.
V-Channels
Stop
Upper Sash
Lower Sash
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Glass Replacement
Remove broken pane.
Measure opening and
cut new pane from
glass sheet.
Install, point and glaze
replacement pane.
Photo courtesy of the US Department of Energy
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Guidelines for Window Replacement
Window replacement is not an option unless:
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Always attempt to repair or improve existing windows
before considering replacement.
Window replacement should not be considered a measure to
reduce air infiltration or as a health and safety measure.
Window selection should reflect the climate.
Choose high SHGC in cold climates and low SHGC in hot climates.
Look for low-e coatings on interior panes in cold climates and on
exterior panes in hot climates.
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
In-Jamb Replacement Method
(Double Hung Window)
Remove existing frame, sash pulley weights, etc.
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Install a complete vinyl unit that fits inside the existing frame
against the exterior window stops.
Seal perimeter with low expanding foam to ensure an air tight
installation.
Reinstall existing interior trim and seal with caulk.
Always employ lead-safe work practices when lead-based paint
will be disturbed.
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
In-Jamb Replacement Method
(Double Hung Window)
Photo courtesy of US Department of Energy
Sash pulley and
cord
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
In-Jamb Replacement Method
(Double Hung Window)
Photo courtesy of US Department of Energy
Sash stop
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
In-Jamb Replacement Method
(Double Hung Window)
Photo courtesy of US Department of Energy
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Doors
Replacements are not
cost effective because
of their high cost and
relatively low impact on
energy savings.
Potentially significant air
leakage and comfort
issues are due to
operational problems and
poor seals.
Photos courtesy of the US Department of Energy
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Door Terminology
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Image developed for US DOE WAP National Standardized Curricula
Door Repair and Replacement
Replace doors
 only 
when :
o
It is shown to have a favorable
SIR.
o
It can be justified as an
incidental repair.
Apply weatherstripping, door stops,
door sweeps, or thresholds.
Repair or replace locksets,
latches, and hinges.
Weatherization measures must
have an SIR equal to or greater
than 1.
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Image developed for US DOE WAP National Standardized Curricula
Replace the existing door with a solid core wood door
blank.
Use this method only if the existing rough opening is reasonably
square and the frame is in good shape.
Consider a pre-hung, energy-efficient unit that will fit the
rough opening.
Accomplished in much less time than retrofitting a door blank.
Manufacture doors on site for special situations, such
as open-coal access areas adjacent to conditioned
basements.
Employ lead-safe work practices when lead-based
paint will be disturbed.
Notes on Door Replacement
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
A good knowledge of residential construction
terminology helps auditors communicate clear
instructions to crews and contractors.
Different framing configurations will require different
strategies for controlling air leakage pathways.
Window and door replacements are generally not cost
effective.
Summary
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY
Slide Note

December 2012

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This specialized curriculum from the Weatherization Assistance Program covers essential topics for energy auditors and construction professionals working on single-family homes. Participants will learn about residential construction terminology, structural framing, different foundation types, air leakage impacts, window/door installations, and more.


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  1. WEATHERIZATION ENERGY AUDITOR SINGLE FAMILY General Construction and Carpentry WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 1 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  2. Learning Objectives GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY By attending this session, participants will be able to: Define residential house construction terminology. Recognize characteristics of various types of structural framing. Identify different foundation, wall, roof, window, and door systems. Recognize characteristics of balloon and platform framing. Explain the impact that different framing types have on air leakage. Review window and door installation processes. 2 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  3. Photo courtesy of U.S. Department of Energy 3 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  4. House Framing Terminology GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Illustration courtesy of Construction Invio.com 4 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  5. Foundation Types GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Basement or Crawl Space Foundation Slab on Grade Foundation Photo courtesy of PA WTC Photo courtesy of Wikipedia Photo courtesy of Wikipedia Pier and Beam Foundation 5 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  6. Visual Assessment - Perimeter GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Floor Joists Note floor joists, band joist, and mud sill that make up what is known as the box sill. Band Joist This box sill is a common perimeter leakage site in basements. Mud Sill Photo courtesy of U.S. Department of Energy 6 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  7. Balloon Framing GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Photo courtesy of the US Department of Energy Illustration courtesy of Don Vandervort s Home Tips.com 7 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  8. Air Leakage in Balloon Frame GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Porch roof cavity may be open to wall cavities. Arrows indicate air escaping from back of porch roof to adjoining wall cavities. Photo courtesy of the US Department of Energy 8 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  9. Platform Framing GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Photo courtesy of the US Department of Energy Illustration courtesy of Don Vandervort s Home Tips.com 9 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  10. Wall Construction Details GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Illustration courtesy of Don Vandervort s Home Tips.com 10 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  11. Air Leakage in Platform Frame GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Kitchen wall cabinets mounted under soffit or valance. Graphic courtesy of Anthony Cox 11 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  12. Air Leakage in Platform Frame GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY If you see soffit- mounted cabinets, remember to investigate during attic inspection. Graphic courtesy of Anthony Cox 12 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  13. Roof Construction Types GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Box Gable Roof Open Gable Roof Skillion and Lean-to Roof Gambrel Roof Mansard Roof Hip and Valley Roof Hexagonal Gazebo Roof Jerkinhead Roof Dutch Gable Roof Illustration courtesy of finalarchitecture.com 13 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  14. Roof Framing Details GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Illustration courtesy of Don Vandervort s Home Tips.com 14 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  15. Roof Features and Terms GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Illustration courtesy of Jay Carter Roofing 15 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  16. Roof Eaves Detail GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Illustration courtesy of Cedar Shake and Shingle Bureau 16 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  17. Knee Wall Attics GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Main Attic Open Wall Cavities Knee wall Attic Graphic courtesy of Anthony Cox 17 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  18. Changes in Ceiling Height GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY The interior wall cavities act as a chimney that robs the house of heat and conditioned air. Graphic courtesy of Anthony Cox 18 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  19. Dropped Ceiling Over Closet GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY In older homes the ceiling level changes in closets, causing gaps in the pressure and thermal boundaries. Closet ceiling Photo courtesy of the US Department of Energy 19 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  20. Window Terminology GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Head Jamb Upper Sash Glass Plane Typical Wood Window Exterior Side Jamb Lower Sash Stop Trim Sill (sloped) Image developed for US DOE WAP National Standardized Curricula 20 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  21. Window Types GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Casement Awning Picture Double Hung Slider Image developed for US DOE WAP National Standardized Curricula 21 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  22. Window Treatments GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY V-Channels Where applicable: Replace broken glass. Stop Upper Sash Replace broken sash locks. Weatherstrip meeting rails and sliding surfaces. Install pulley seals. Lower Sash Caulk interior trim. 22 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  23. Glass Replacement GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Remove broken pane. Measure opening and cut new pane from glass sheet. Install, point and glaze replacement pane. Photo courtesy of the US Department of Energy 23 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  24. Guidelines for Window Replacement GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Window replacement is not an option unless: It is shown to have a favorable SIR It can be justified as an Incidental Repair Always attempt to repair or improve existing windows before considering replacement. Window replacement should not be considered a measure to reduce air infiltration or as a health and safety measure. Window selection should reflect the climate. Choose high SHGC in cold climates and low SHGC in hot climates. Look for low-e coatings on interior panes in cold climates and on exterior panes in hot climates. 24 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  25. In-Jamb Replacement Method (Double Hung Window) GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Remove existing frame, sash pulley weights, etc. TIP: Score all painted joints with a sharp utility knife prior to removal of window trim. Use a thin-bladed pry bar to prevent marring the trim. Install a complete vinyl unit that fits inside the existing frame against the exterior window stops. Seal perimeter with low expanding foam to ensure an air tight installation. Reinstall existing interior trim and seal with caulk. Always employ lead-safe work practices when lead-based paint will be disturbed. 25 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  26. In-Jamb Replacement Method (Double Hung Window) GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Sash pulley and cord Photo courtesy of US Department of Energy 26 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  27. In-Jamb Replacement Method (Double Hung Window) GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Sash stop Photo courtesy of US Department of Energy 27 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  28. In-Jamb Replacement Method (Double Hung Window) GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Photo courtesy of US Department of Energy 28 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  29. Doors GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Replacements are not cost effective because of their high cost and relatively low impact on energy savings. Potentially significant air leakage and comfort issues are due to operational problems and poor seals. Photos courtesy of the US Department of Energy 29 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  30. Door Terminology GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Top Rail Hinge Panel Hinge Stile Stop Mullion Lock Stile Jamb Lock Rail Casing Threshold Bottom Rail Image developed for US DOE WAP National Standardized Curricula 30 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  31. Door Repair and Replacement GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Replace doors only when : o It is shown to have a favorable SIR. o It can be justified as an incidental repair. Apply weatherstripping, door stops, door sweeps, or thresholds. Repair or replace locksets, latches, and hinges. Weatherization measures must have an SIR equal to or greater than 1. Sweep Threshold Image developed for US DOE WAP National Standardized Curricula 31 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  32. Notes on Door Replacement GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY Replace the existing door with a solid core wood door blank. Use this method only if the existing rough opening is reasonably square and the frame is in good shape. Consider a pre-hung, energy-efficient unit that will fit the rough opening. Accomplished in much less time than retrofitting a door blank. Manufacture doors on site for special situations, such as open-coal access areas adjacent to conditioned basements. Employ lead-safe work practices when lead-based paint will be disturbed. 32 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

  33. Summary GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND CARPENTRY A good knowledge of residential construction terminology helps auditors communicate clear instructions to crews and contractors. Different framing configurations will require different strategies for controlling air leakage pathways. Window and door replacements are generally not cost effective. 33 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM December 2012 eere.energy.gov

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