Understanding the Core Tenets of Samkhya Philosophy

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prakṛti and its guṇa-s
 
 
One of the oldest system of Indian
Philosophy
We find the references to the Samkhya-
Yoga doctrines in some of the
Upanisads
The Chhandogya
The Prashna
The Gita
The Smritis and Puranas
 
PRAKRTI
 
  Samkhya maintains a clear-cut dualism
between prakrti and purusa
 
 
Further maintains the plurality of purusa
 
 
And silent on God
 
Root-Cause
 
Prakrti as the root-cause of the world of
objects
It is uncaused cause
As infinite regress has to be avoided
 
PRADHANA
 
Prakrti is the first principle of this
Universe it is called Pradhana
 
AVYAKTA
 
As the unmanifested state of all effects,
it is known as Avyakta
 
JADA
 
As the unintelligent and unconscious
principle it is called Jada
 
SHAKTI
 
As the ever active unlimited power it is
called Shakti
 
 
Prakrti is uncaused, independent,
absolute, one and eternal
 
GUNA-S
 
Prakrti is said to be the unity of three Gunas
They are Sttva
Rajas
Tamas
 
STTVA
 
 Sttva literally means real or existent and is
responsible for the manifestation of
objects in consciousness.
 
It is light and bright.
 
It produces pleasure.
 
RAJAS
 
 
 
Rajas, which literally means foulness, is
the princple of motion.
 
 
It produces pain.
 
TAMAS
 
 
Tamas, which literally means darkness, is
the principle of inertia.
 
 
It produces indifference.
 
PROOFS FOR THE EXISTANCE OF
PRAKRTI
 
 
 
 
Samkhya gives five proofs for the
existance of Prakrti
 
BHEDANAM PARIMANAT
 
 
 
All individual things in this world are
limited, dependent, conditional and
finite.
 
 
 
 
Logically we have to proceed from the
finite to the infinite, from the temporary
to permanence.
 
 
 
 
And it is this infinite, unlimited,  eternal
Prakrti which is the source of this
Universe.
 
SAMANVAYAT
 
 
All worldly things possess certain common
characteristics.
 
 
 
 
They are capable of producing pleasure,
pain and indifference.
 
 
 
 
Hence there must be a common source
from which all worldly things arise.
 
SHAKTITAH PRAVRTTESCHA
 
 
All effects arise from the activity of the
potent cause.
 
 
 
The activity which generates evolution
must be inherent in the world cause.
And this cause is Prakrti
 
KARANAKARYAVIBHAGAT
 
The effect differs from the cause and
hence the limited effect cannot be
regarded as its own cause.
 
 
 
 
The effect is the explicit and the cause is
the implicit state of the same process.
 
 
 
 
The effect, therefore, point to a world-
cause where they are potentially
contained.
 
AVIBHAGAT VAISHVARUPYASYA
 
 
The unity of the Universe points to a single
cause.
 
 
 
 
 
And this cause is Prakrti.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prof Barun Ball
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Samkhya philosophy, one of the oldest systems of Indian philosophy, emphasizes a dualism between prakrti and purusa, with prakrti as the root cause of the world of objects. It maintains a plurality of purusa and remains silent on the concept of God. Prakrti is described as uncaused, independent, absolute, eternal, and is composed of the three gunas - Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas, each responsible for distinct aspects of manifestation in consciousness. Explore the foundational principles and nuances of Samkhya through the lens of prakrti and its gunas.


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  1. PHILOSOPHY OF PHILOSOPHY OF S S KHYA KHYA prak ti and its gu a-s

  2. One of the oldest system of Indian Philosophy We find the references to the Samkhya- Yoga doctrines in some of the Upanisads The Chhandogya The Prashna The Gita The Smritis and Puranas

  3. PRAKRTI Samkhya maintains a clear-cut dualism between prakrti and purusa

  4. Further maintains the plurality of purusa

  5. And silent on God

  6. Root-Cause Prakrti as the root-cause of the world of objects It is uncaused cause As infinite regress has to be avoided

  7. PRADHANA Prakrti is the first principle of this Universe it is called Pradhana

  8. AVYAKTA As the unmanifested state of all effects, it is known as Avyakta

  9. JADA As the unintelligent and unconscious principle it is called Jada

  10. SHAKTI As the ever active unlimited power it is called Shakti

  11. Prakrti is uncaused, independent, absolute, one and eternal

  12. GUNA-S Prakrti is said to be the unity of three Gunas They are Sttva Rajas Tamas

  13. STTVA Sttva literally means real or existent and is responsible for the manifestation of objects in consciousness. It is light and bright. It produces pleasure.

  14. RAJAS Rajas, which literally means foulness, is the princple of motion. It produces pain.

  15. TAMAS Tamas, which literally means darkness, is the principle of inertia. It produces indifference.

  16. PROOFS FOR THE EXISTANCE OF PRAKRTI Samkhya gives five proofs for the existance of Prakrti

  17. BHEDANAM PARIMANAT All individual things in this world are limited, dependent, conditional and finite.

  18. Logically we have to proceed from the finite to the infinite, from the temporary to permanence.

  19. And it is this infinite, unlimited, eternal Prakrti which is the source of this Universe.

  20. SAMANVAYAT All worldly things possess certain common characteristics.

  21. They are capable of producing pleasure, pain and indifference.

  22. Hence there must be a common source from which all worldly things arise.

  23. SHAKTITAH PRAVRTTESCHA All effects arise from the activity of the potent cause.

  24. The activity which generates evolution must be inherent in the world cause. And this cause is Prakrti

  25. KARANAKARYAVIBHAGAT The effect differs from the cause and hence the limited effect cannot be regarded as its own cause.

  26. The effect is the explicit and the cause is the implicit state of the same process.

  27. The effect, therefore, point to a world- cause where they are potentially contained.

  28. AVIBHAGAT VAISHVARUPYASYA The unity of the Universe points to a single cause.

  29. And this cause is Prakrti.

  30. T h a n k Y o u Prof Barun Ball

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