Innovative Solutions for Mature Oil and Gas Fields Powered by Poseidon Technology

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Poseidon, a leap energy technology platform, offers modules designed for complex, high well count mature oil and gas fields. Its LTRO workflow provides a cost-effective solution for identifying remaining oil in wells with long production histories and multiple zones. By using compliant mapping methods, it surpasses traditional analytical approaches, offering significant acceleration in identifying bypassed oil reserves. A case study in Malaysia showcases how this technology can be applied to giant oil and gas fields with varying reservoir complexities.

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MATURE FIELDS LTRO CAPABILITY POWERED BY POSEIDON A LEAP ENERGY TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM

POSEIDON developed for complex, high well count mature oil and gas fields. is an innovative solution POSEIDON Modules: POSEIDON POSEIDON POSEIDON POSEIDON POSEIDON POSEIDON POSEIDON POSEIDON POSEIDON POSEIDON DATASCAN DATASCAN ALLOCATION ALLOCATION ANALYTICS ANALYTICS REMAINING OIL REMAINING OIL PREDICTION PREDICTION

Why Locate The Remaining Oil (LTRO) workflow? A low-cost effective solution for accelerated identification of opportunities Problem statement: Large number of wells (100+), 30+ years of production, multiple zones, displacement mechanism (gas, water), data reliability issues Generate remaining oil maps, opportunity database of BCO (behind casing opportunities), Infill and re-perforation, complete with an assessment of geology, production allocation issue. OPPORTUNITY ZONAL ALLOCATION IDENTIFICATION DATA INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT REMAINING OIL MAPS PRODUCTION FORECASTING 6-10 weeks turn-around time Cost and time effective solution

Compliant Remaining Oil Mapping A significant step up from traditional analytical methods Locating and quantifying remaining oil pools without full physics simulation TRADITIONAL ANALYTICAL METHODS STATIC MODEL REMAINING OIL POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT REALISATIONS STOIIP - bubble map Material Balance COMPLIANT MAPPING METHODS INNOVATION SPACE Applicable for a fields with edge aquifer and/or gas cap are the main driving mechanisms, defined thinner flow units, penetrations/perforation across full reservoir section ROCM Remaining Oil Compliant Mapping Fully Diffuse or Mixed- segregated 3 phase saturation mapping methods Suitable reservoir units, bottom drive water and/or gas cap expansion Limited penetration/perforation configuration for fields with thick FULL STATIC-DYNAMIC HM CYCLE DYNAMIC HISTORY MATCHED MODEL STATIC MODEL REALISATIONS REALISATIONS

A significant acceleration to identify by-passed oil A case study with a giant, complex oil and gas field in Malaysia. Top 3 largest oil and gas field in Malaysia, oil rim with large gas caps and aquifer of varying strength. Initial Mobile Oil Thickness Map 30+ years of production, depletion mechanism combination of gas cap expansion, gas-re-injection and aquifer influx. High heterogeneity (1-1000 s mD range) ~300 production and injection wells, 150 historically active strings at L15-16 level B.M. Baruah & K. S. Cheng: Water Injection in Brown Field: Never Too Late , Conference, Kuala Lumpur- Malaysia, March 2014. Offshore Technology Permeability distribution (mD) Legacy model from incoming operator upon transition: 500k active cells, study dated 2012-2013 (2 years)

POSEIDON vs. Commercial Simulator Validation of STOIP distribution evolution using simulator matched results as a complex synthetic dataset (~150 active oil producers & gas injectors) Time Step: 1 2 3 4 TM POSEIDON POSEIDON SIMULATOR Time to generate matching remaining oil maps with 100+ wells? <1 week 3-9+ months STOIP (scm) Low High

POSEIDON vs. Commercial Simulator Comparison of expected target volumes allows to quantify the accuracy of the RCOM mapping to 80+% accuracy in a complex simulation scenario Last Time Step TM POSEIDON POSEIDON SIMULATOR Area 2 Area 2 >80% accuracy achieved in less than 10% of the time Area 1 Area 1 Area 3 Area 3 Area 5 Area 5 Area 4 Area 4 Experience. Expertise. Technology 7

Commercial Simulator How accurate are the simulation results with complex mature fields ? Well Level Field Level HM Quality Experience. Expertise. Technology 8

POSEIDON REMAINING OIL COMPLIANT MAPPING Excellent match quality achieved to the synthetic production and volumes in place RCOM allows to achieve a combined match of local saturations and overall volume distribution STOIP, GIP & Ave Sw Water Saturation Gas Saturation GIP Cross Plot STOIP Cross Plot Achieving convincing matches across range of local and global objective functions Experience. Expertise. Technology 9

POSEIDON Remaining Oil Compliant Mapping How does it work? PRODUCTION DATA REMAINING OIL MAPS Next Time Step FRACTIONAL FLOW INVERSION Simulation Saturation at wells is inverted from production data based on each well s fractional flow. FRACTIONAL FLOW MATCHING ROCM ENGINE STREAM VELOCITY CALCULATION Dynamic MATERIAL BALANCE SATURATION MAPPING SEARCH ENGINE Stream velocity map is generated based on sinks-sources interactions ( injectors, producers, aquifer influx ) GEOLOGY Incorporation of geological understanding (porosity, perm trends, channels, etc) in determining preferred flow paths Simultaneously, running flow paths-based saturation mapping engine while optimising matches of fractional flows and volumes Experience. Expertise. Technology 11

POSEIDON ROCM Illustration of saturation mapping iteration search Water saturation (Sw) Cross section, Time-step N Sw Map Time-step N Sw Injector I Well W X(Cell) Sw area map Time-step N+1 Sw profile Time-step N+1 Sw Saturation known at producer Saturation known at injector Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3 Iteration n MATCH ! W I X(Cell)

Reservoir Management & FRMR Process Current Practice vs ROCM Mapping In absence of history-matched dynamic models a step change for Reservoir Management Build bubble maps overlaying STOIIP density with current or last known production status (Oil Rate, GOR, WCT ) Utilize the ROCM mapping engine in POSEIDON OR The PROBLEM For most mature complex fields, there is no continuously updated simulation model for all reservoir units so the ideal solution isn tavailable Spatial identification and volumetric quantification of reservoir remaining potential not straightforward with classical maps and current/last know production status (GOR, WCT, Oil Rate) The BENEFIT Average saturation maps obtainable vs. time and at last known production, compliant to well fractional flow and material balance Remaining Oil and mobile oil in place, target identification based on multiple criteria Rapidly update the portfolio of opportunities, inclusive of Behind Casing Opportunity (BCO), Infill and Idle well rejuvenation

PREDICTION AND FORECASTING How to improve the reliability of prediction of future activities POSEIDON POSEIDON ANALYTICS ANALYTICS Develop a machine-learning based prediction of past well and reservoir performance Generate a robust predictive model, complete with uncertainty assessment 13

Predicting EUR per well in mature field Creaming curves vs Predictive analytics Traditional creaming curve Predictive analytics with ROCM access Colours = grouping based on STOIIP (at 1989 initial resource density) Used to improve fitting quality Access to time-step maps of remaining oil, saturation etc.. Experience. Expertise. Technology 14

Predicting EUR per well in mature field Creaming curves vs Predictive analytics in the specific project example showing hoe the model can be tuned to improve predictability R^2 = 0.7 Clear improvement of predictability of recent, lower EUR wells Experience. Expertise. Technology 15

Predictive analysis methodology Leveraging the timestep-based remaining oil assessment for predictive analytics Without these, the prediction is much poorer Initial state geological properties ROCM Maps and associated properties: So, Sw, MOIP Maturity, production time, pressure ??? = ?(??,??,????, ,??,????????, ) Parameterized EUR function utilizes production maturity, geology and dynamic arrays from ROCM. Parameterized EUR function contains set of fitting parameters which is trained and tested on historical training dataset. Experience. Expertise. Technology 16

Infill and Behind-Casing opportunity quantification Leveraging the timestep-based remaining oil assessment for predictive analytics, POSEIDON generates estimated production characteristics of future activities, based on historical performance Initial state geological properties Maturity, production time, pressure ROCM Maps and associated properties: So, Sw, MOIP Automated Infills quantification Automated BCO identification Automated BCO quantification Quantified volume within the estimated drainage area Other static parameters List of BCO opportunities Estimated production Experience. Expertise. Technology 17

PROPERTY TRENDS UNCERTAINTY PRODUCTION ALLOCATION UNCERTAINTY ALLOCATION PROCESS ALLOCATION DATASETS A SET OF SCENARIOS ALTERNATIVE PROPERTY MAPS AND ASSOCIATED VOLUMES ROCK-FLUID PROPERTIES IN PLACE VOLUMES UNCERTAINTIES RELATIVE PERMEABILITY FRACTIONAL FLOW PVT UNCERTAINTIES SCENARIOS OUTPUT OPPORTUNITIES ASSESSMENT UNCERTAINTY & RISK MANAGEMENT POSEIDON allows the user to perform a multi scenario runs to investigate the impact of allocation, geology and rock-fluid properties to generate a risk profile for each identified LTRO opportunity

DATA INTEGRITY SCANNING What if data is poor POSEIDON POSEIDON DATASCAN DATASCAN Allows to screen and identify production data inconsistencies, and provides tool for possible repair 19

Production Data Quality Screening Leveraging POSEIDON POSEIDON DATASCAN DATASCAN DATASET SCAN TREND REPAIRS DSI toolbox helps engineer to fill in missing data based on other source of data or a trend that engineer is comfortable. QUALITY MAP & REPORT CONFIGURATION A flat WCT over 6 months Sudden change in WCT Data Issues Flags & Repairs DSI configuration TREND REPAIRS DSI toolbox helps to repair missing data Criticality reports CONFIGURATION 70 validators in 4 set: Data quality Trend behavior Allocation & Events Prod./Inj. leakage DATASET SCAN To check inconsistency between imported data Erroneous and/or missing data Unrealistic trends QUALITY MAP & REPORT Individual & combined validator quality map DataScan Index (DSI) mapping Automated report

DSI validators and results Generation of suspect data heat-map Available as total DSI and individual validators Allows to focus attention on critical wells and groups of wells

ZONAL ALLOCATION What if allocation is uncertain? POSEIDON POSEIDON ALLOCATION ALLOCATION Develop multi-phase zonal allocation scenarios that incorporate all available static, dynamic and surveillance information 22

POSEIDON Comingling Analysis Allowing Better Understanding of Allocation Field Cum Oil, MMstb Field Commingled Cum Oil, MMstb Well-1 Well-4 Experience. Expertise. Technology 23

POSEIDON Production Allocation Product of associate research with Petronas Research Group (PRSB) HIGH-RESOLUTION PRODUCTION ALLOCATION POSEIDONTM carries out a multi-phase allocation by fully integrating a pseudo-steady state rate formulation with fractional flow modelling. Permeability profiles at the well and production logs are included in the allocation process. By precisely evaluating the phase allocation uncertainty for each well and layers, the optimum reservoir surveillance program can be determined. COMMINGLED PRODUCTION ASSESSMENT STOCHASTIC SOLUTION SEARCH ALTERNATIVE ALLOCATION SCENARIO GENERATION KHP KH MPA Experience. Expertise. Technology 24

POSEIDON High Resolution Production Allocation Determination of solutions at the well-layer level and recombination of layer-levels DATA SETUP EVENTS QA/QC ALLOCATION SCENARIOS SURVEILLANCE DATA PRESSURE, PLT, RST MPA MPA MPA WELL-LAYER SOLUTIONS Flow unit recombination SOLUTION CLUSTERING FLOW-UNIT CONSTRAINTS Dimensionality reduction Experience. Expertise. Technology 25

Automated reporting Customized templates and formats Automated time-efficient process Customized for specific activities and client processes Different formats available MS Word, Power Point, Excel FRMR/IRFMP slidepack preparation (customized template for client requirements) Automated reports generation BCO and Infills summary tables export Experience. Expertise. Technology 26

LTRO & POSEIDON GLOBAL EXPERIENCE ROMANIA ROMANIA THAILAND Balaria 500+wells Vata 750wells JASMINE FIELD 20+ wells MALAYSIA, West Lutong LTRO (2013) OMAN Jahwah BCO study AUSTRALIA Due Diligence Applications Accelerated LTRO (2014) MALAYSIA Seligi LTRO and WI studies LEAP ENERGY OFFICES COMPANY POSEIDON EXPERIENCE STAFF WORLDWIDE EXPERIENCE

WATERFLOOD EFFICIENCY & LTRO Experience. Expertise. Technology 28

Understanding field sweep patterns Sweep efficiency Total production bubble map Geology clearly evidenced by production behaviour Watercut bubble map Water Saturation Experience. Expertise. Technology 29

POSEIDON DATASCAN DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT POSEIDONPREDICTION DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND FORECASTING Ensure prioritised consistently and according to performance. adequate risking. activities are Generate automated analysis of data quality using pre-defined historical Applying validators AREAS WITH POOR DATA QUALITY POSEIDON ALLOCATION ADVANCED PRODUCTION ALLOCATION POSEIDONREMAINING OIL REMAINING OIL COMPLIANT MAPPING Innovative multi-phase, pressure allocation tool. Integrates static and dynamic model workover/intervention history. compliant Fractional Flow and material compliant saturation contact mapping balance property and or POSEIDON ANALYTICS INTEGRATED RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE SCREENING Rapidly understand where and what opportunities are over a large field. Deploying a systematic process. Quantify the degree of between optimise waterflood patterns the interaction wells alternative to screening INJECTOR-PRODUCER CONNECTIVITY