Understanding Public Health Risks Associated with Zoos and Wild Animals

Public Health Problems
Arising From Zoo
 
Dr. Vivek Kr. Singh
Assistant Professor
Department of Veterinary
Clinical Complex
 
Introduction
Zoos and biological parks are considered as a
hub for public recreation and education
 
Veterinary professionals play a pivotal role in
health management of wild animals in zoos
 
Since veterinarians work in close contact with
wild animals, there is a potential risk of
transmission of zoonotic diseases
 
Cont…
Approximately 1415 infectious agents, causing
diseases in humans
 
 Out of which 868 (61%) are known to be
zoonotic in nature
 
 More than 70% of the emerging zoonotic
diseases have wild animals as reservoir hosts
Major zoonotic diseases transmitted from wild animals to humans
 
Rabies
 
Etiology
Lyssaviruses of Rhabdovirus
family
 
Mode of Transmission
Via introduction of virus laden
saliva into tissues usually by
the bite of rabid animals
 
TUBERCULOSIS
 
Etiology
 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 
Clinical signs
Chronic cough, sputum
production, appetite loss,
weight loss, fever, night
sweats and hemoptysis
 
Mode of Transmission
         
Aerosol
 
Anthrax
 
Etiology
 Bacillus anthracsis
Clinical signs
Fever and neck swelling occur,
Sore throat, dysphagia,
respiratory distress, and
oral bleeding
Mode of Transmission
 
Wound inoculation, ingestion
or inhalation of spores
 
LEPTOSPIROSIS
 
Etiology
 
Pathogenic serovars of
Leptospira spp.
Clinical signs
First phase (with fever,
chills, headache, muscle
aches, vomiting, or
diarrhea
Second phase kidney or liver
failure or meningitis
Mode of Transmission
 
Direct contact
 
Q-fever
 
Etiology
 
Coxiella burnetii
Clinical signs
 
Most cases are clinically
asymptomatic or mild
characterized by a nonproductive
cough, fever, and minimal
auscultatory abnormalities
Mode of Transmission
Ixodid ticks acts as reservoir host
Inhalation, Ingestion or direct
contact with birth fluid or
placenta
 
Psittacosis
 
Etiology
 
Chlamydophilla psittaci
Clinical signs
 
Respiratory distress,
varies from flu-like
symptoms to systemic
disease
Mode of Transmission
      
Aerosols
 
 
NIPAH VIRUS
 
Etiology
Nipah virus (Genus-
Henipavirus, Family-
Paramyxoviridae
)
Clinical signs
 
Fever with encephalitis
Mode of Transmission
Bats act as reservoir host
                  Pigs
                Human
 
HERPES B ENCEPHALITIS
 
Etiology
     
Herpes B virus
Clinical signs
Seizures, hemiparesis or
hemiplegia, progressive
ascending paralysis
Mode of Transmission
monkey bites, monkey
scratches, or cage
scratches; direct
contamination of a
preexisting wound
 
 
TOXOPLASMOSIS
 
Etiology
Toxoplasma  gondii
Clinical signs
Cervical
lymphadenopathy
Fever, night sweats
Mode of Transmission
Oral route
 
Kyasanur Forest Disease
(KFD)
 
Etiology
Flaviviridae family
Clinical signs
High fever with frontal
headaches, chills, Severe
muscle pain with
vomiting, gastrointestinal
symptoms and bleeding
problems
Mode of Transmission
Bite of infected hard ticks
 
 
Thanks
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Zoos and wildlife parks serve as hubs for public recreation and education but can also pose public health risks due to potential transmission of zoonotic diseases by veterinarians who work closely with wild animals. Approximately 61% of infectious agents affecting humans are zoonotic in nature, with over 70% of emerging zoonotic diseases originating from wild animals. Major zoonotic diseases such as Rabies, Tuberculosis, Anthrax, Leptospirosis, and Q-fever can be transmitted from wild animals to humans through various modes of transmission.


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  1. Public Health Problems Arising From Zoo Dr. Vivek Kr. Singh Assistant Professor Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex

  2. Introduction Zoos and biological parks are considered as a hub for public recreation and education Veterinary professionals play a pivotal role in health management of wild animals in zoos Since veterinarians work in close contact with wild animals, there is a potential risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases

  3. Cont Approximately 1415 infectious agents, causing diseases in humans Out of which 868 (61%) are known to be zoonotic in nature More than 70% of the emerging zoonotic diseases have wild animals as reservoir hosts

  4. Major zoonotic diseases transmitted from wild animals to humans

  5. Rabies Etiology Lyssaviruses of Rhabdovirus family Mode of Transmission Via introduction of virus laden saliva into tissues usually by the bite of rabid animals

  6. TUBERCULOSIS Etiology Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical signs Chronic cough, sputum production, appetite loss, weight loss, fever, night sweats and hemoptysis Mode of Transmission Aerosol

  7. Anthrax Etiology Bacillus anthracsis Clinical signs Fever and neck swelling occur, Sore throat, dysphagia, respiratory distress, and oral bleeding Mode of Transmission Wound inoculation, ingestion or inhalation of spores

  8. LEPTOSPIROSIS Etiology Pathogenic serovars of Leptospira spp. Clinical signs First phase (with fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, or diarrhea Second phase kidney or liver failure or meningitis Mode of Transmission Direct contact

  9. Q-fever Etiology Coxiella burnetii Clinical signs Most cases are clinically asymptomatic or mild characterized by a nonproductive cough, fever, and minimal auscultatory abnormalities Mode of Transmission Ixodid ticks acts as reservoir host Inhalation, Ingestion or direct contact with birth fluid or placenta

  10. Psittacosis Etiology Chlamydophilla psittaci Clinical signs Respiratory distress, varies from flu-like symptoms to systemic disease Mode of Transmission Aerosols

  11. NIPAH VIRUS Etiology Nipah virus (Genus- Henipavirus, Family- Paramyxoviridae) Clinical signs Fever with encephalitis Mode of Transmission Bats act as reservoir host Pigs Human

  12. HERPES B ENCEPHALITIS Etiology Herpes B virus Clinical signs Seizures, hemiparesis or hemiplegia, progressive ascending paralysis Mode of Transmission monkey bites, monkey scratches, or cage scratches; direct contamination of a preexisting wound

  13. TOXOPLASMOSIS Etiology Toxoplasma gondii Clinical signs Cervical lymphadenopathy Fever, night sweats Mode of Transmission Oral route

  14. Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) Etiology Flaviviridae family Clinical signs High fever with frontal headaches, chills, Severe muscle pain with vomiting, gastrointestinal symptoms and bleeding problems Mode of Transmission Bite of infected hard ticks

  15. Thanks

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