Understanding Bartlett's Theory of Reconstructive Memory

Thursday, 25 July 2024
Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
Last lesson
Outline the conclusions that
Bartlett came to after he
conducted his ‘War of the
Ghosts’ study.
Last week
Last month
What are the 
three 
types of
interviews tha
t can be used to
collect information.
S U SS
What do you think the term ‘reconstructive
memory’ means?
How can you link this idea to Bartlett’s ‘War of
the Ghosts’ study?
What is a strength of a matched
pairs design in psychological
research?
Let’s see how good
your memories are.
You have 
1 minute 
to
look at this picture.
Then … you will have
3 minutes 
to draw it
as accurately as you
can.
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
How might our
knowledge of Roman
numerals have
affected out memory
for this task?
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
Reconstructive memory – 
fragments of stored information
(memories) are reassembled during recall.
 
The gaps are filled in by our expectations and beliefs so that
we can produce a ‘story’ that makes sense.
 
Think link – War of the Ghosts!
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory
Whenever you are asked to discuss a theory, it is important that you can talk
about 4-5 things. Remember to use key terms in our explanation.
1. The theory – 
The War of the Ghosts study showed that memory is an 
active
process
. 
People remember overall meaning of events, and, when retrieving
information, they rebuild the memory.
2. Memory is inaccurate – 
We do not have exact recall. Elements are missing and
memories are not an accurate representation of what happened.
3
. 
Reconstruction – 
We record small pieces of information in long-term memory.
During recall we recombine them to tell the whole story. Each time, the elements
are combined slight differently.
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory
Whenever you are asked to discuss a theory, it is important that you can talk
about 4-5 things. Remember to use key terms in our explanation.
4. Social and cultural influences – 
The way that information is stored and
recalled is affected by social and cultural expectations, like using the phrase
‘going fishing’ rather than ‘hunting seals’.
5. Effort after meaning – 
We focus on the meaning of events and make an effort
to understand the meaning to make sense of the parts of the story.
Effort after meaning – 
making sense of something
unfamiliar after it has happened.
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
1
2
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
Complete the exam question in your books.
Steps for success:
Use key terms/phrases e.g. ‘memory is
inaccurate/effort after meaning
Write at least 2 paragraphs
Refer to the scenario at least 2-3 times. E.g.
refer to Ann and Martyn.
Ann and Martyn were at the bank when a person attempted to
rob it. Later, when they were at the police station, they gave
different accounts of the incident. Ann said that the incident
happened in a different order than Martyn recalled. She also
remembered the robber wearing different clothes and saying
different things to the people at the bank than Martyn recalled.
 
Use your knowledge of the theory of reconstructive memory to
explain why Ann and Martyn have different memories of the
same event. (6 marks)
Ann and Martyn were at the bank when a person attempted to
rob it. Later, when they were at the police station, they gave
different accounts of the incident. Ann said that the incident
happened in a different order than Martyn recalled. She also
remembered the robber wearing different clothes and saying
different things to the people at the bank than Martyn recalled.
 
Use your knowledge of the theory of reconstructive memory to
explain why Ann and Martyn have different memories of the
same event. (6 marks)
Ann and Martyn were at the bank when a person attempted to
rob it. Later, when they were at the police station, they gave
different accounts of the incident. Ann said that the incident
happened in a different order than Martyn recalled. She also
remembered the robber wearing different clothes and saying
different things to the people at the bank than Martyn recalled.
 
Use your knowledge of the theory of reconstructive memory to
explain why Ann and Martyn have different memories of the
same event. (6 marks)
Ann and Martyn were at the bank when a person attempted to
rob it. Later, when they were at the police station, they gave
different accounts of the incident. Ann said that the incident
happened in a different order than Martyn recalled. She also
remembered the robber wearing different clothes and saying
different things to the people at the bank than Martyn recalled.
 
Use your knowledge of the theory of reconstructive memory to
explain why Ann and Martyn have different memories of the
same event. (6 marks)
Ann and Martyn were at the bank when a person attempted to
rob it. Later, when they were at the police station, they gave
different accounts of the incident. Ann said that the incident
happened in a different order than Martyn recalled. She also
remembered the robber wearing different clothes and saying
different things to the people at the bank than Martyn recalled.
 
Use your knowledge of the theory of reconstructive memory to
explain why Ann and Martyn have different memories of the
same event. (6 marks)
Ann and Martyn were at the bank when a person attempted to
rob it. Later, when they were at the police station, they gave
different accounts of the incident. Ann said that the incident
happened in a different order than Martyn recalled. She also
remembered the robber wearing different clothes and saying
different things to the people at the bank than Martyn recalled.
 
Use your knowledge of the theory of reconstructive memory to
explain why Ann and Martyn have different memories of the
same event. (6 marks)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-sVnmmw6WY
 
Let’s see what fast-talking Hank has to say about
memory.
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
Thursday, 25 July 2024
Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
Last lesson
Outline the 
results 
of
Bartlett’s ‘War of the Ghosts’
study.
Last week
Last month
What does the term ‘effort after
meaning’ mean?
Bartlett states that memory recall is inaccurate.
Can you give an example of when inaccurate
recall may have a negative effect?
Explain.
What is an independent groups
design?
Watch the
following
video:
Make notes
about the key
points outlined
which link to
Bartlett's
Reconstructive
Theory.
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
Task 1
: Using card sort pieces, separate information into three
PEE paragraphs.
 
10 Minutes
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
Task 2 – 
 PARC task
Outline and evaluate Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory. (9 marks)
Steps for Success:
 
Paragraph 3:
P
 – More realistic research.
 
Paragraph 4:
P
 – Some memories are
accurate.
 
Paragraph 5:
P
 – Real world application.
 
Make sure that you evaluate
properly, some sentence starters
could be:
This shows that …
This means …
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
Steps for Success:
 
Paragraph 1:
The theory/memory is
inaccurate/reconstruction.
 
Paragraph 2:
Social and cultural influences /
effort after meaning.
You can use the planning sheet
to help you if you need it.
Follow the steps and briefly plan it
out before you write it.
Q1. Reconstruction shows that memory is:
a.
Consistent over time
b.
Almost always accurate
c.
Acoustically encoded
d.
An active process
.
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
Q2. A major influence on reconstructive memory
is:
a.
The time it takes to recall something
b.
Our level of intelligence
c.
Our social and cultural expectations
d.
The position of events in a story
.
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
Q3. Bartlett called our attempt to make sense of
memory fragments:
a.
Effort after meaning
b.
The serial position effect
c.
The multi-store model
d.
Memory deconstruction.
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
Q4. A significant strength of Bartlett’s theory is
that it:
a.
Ignores the individual’s socia
l and cultural
beliefs
b.
Can explain why me
mories are so accurate
c.
Is based on well-controlled research
d.
Can help us understand eyewitness testimony
.
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
Q5. The two groups in an independent groups design
may be:
a.
Control and matched
b.
Control and systematic
c.
Variable and experimental
d.
Control and experimental
.
LO: To be able to describe and evaluate
 Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory.
Next lesson: You wil
l have a Knowledge
Organiser Quiz at the beginning of next lesson.
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Bartlett's theory of reconstructive memory explores how memories are reconstructed based on past experiences, beliefs, and expectations. The War of the Ghosts study demonstrated that memory is an active process where information is inaccurately recalled and reconstructed. Social and cultural influences play a role in memory retrieval, and individuals focus on extracting the overall meaning of events rather than exact details. This theory highlights how memory is reconstructed and influenced by various factors.


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  1. Bartletts theory of reconstructive memory Thursday, 25 July 2024 Last week Last lesson Last month What is a strength of a matched pairs design in psychological research? Outline the conclusions that Bartlett came to after he conducted his War of the Ghosts study. What are the three types of interviews that can be used to collect information. S U SS What do you think the term reconstructive memory means? How can you link this idea to Bartlett s War of the Ghosts study? LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  2. Lets see how good your memories are. You have 1 minute to look at this picture. Then you will have 3 minutes to draw it as accurately as you can. LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  3. How might our knowledge of Roman numerals have affected out memory for this task? LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  4. Reconstructive memory fragments of stored information (memories) are reassembled during recall. The gaps are filled in by our expectations and beliefs so that we can produce a story that makes sense. Think link War of the Ghosts! LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  5. Bartletts theory of reconstructive memory Whenever you are asked to discuss a theory, it is important that you can talk about 4-5 things. Remember to use key terms in our explanation. 1. The theory The War of the Ghosts study showed that memory is an active process. People remember overall meaning of events, and, when retrieving information, they rebuild the memory. 2. Memory is inaccurate We do not have exact recall. Elements are missing and memories are not an accurate representation of what happened. 3. Reconstruction We record small pieces of information in long-term memory. During recall we recombine them to tell the whole story. Each time, the elements are combined slight differently. LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  6. Bartletts theory of reconstructive memory Whenever you are asked to discuss a theory, it is important that you can talk about 4-5 things. Remember to use key terms in our explanation. 4. Social and cultural influences The way that information is stored and recalled is affected by social and cultural expectations, like using the phrase going fishing rather than hunting seals . 5. Effort after meaning We focus on the meaning of events and make an effort to understand the meaning to make sense of the parts of the story. Effort after meaning making sense of something unfamiliar after it has happened. LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  7. 1 2 Complete the exam question in your books. Steps for success: Use key terms/phrases e.g. memory is inaccurate/effort after meaning Write at least 2 paragraphs Refer to the scenario at least 2-3 times. E.g. refer to Ann and Martyn. LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  8. Ann and Martyn were at the bank when a person attempted to rob it. Later, when they were at the police station, they gave different accounts of the incident. Ann said that the incident happened in a different order than Martyn recalled. She also remembered the robber wearing different clothes and saying different things to the people at the bank than Martyn recalled. Ann and Martyn were at the bank when a person attempted to rob it. Later, when they were at the police station, they gave different accounts of the incident. Ann said that the incident happened in a different order than Martyn recalled. She also remembered the robber wearing different clothes and saying different things to the people at the bank than Martyn recalled. Use your knowledge of the theory of reconstructive memory to explain why Ann and Martyn have different memories of the same event. (6 marks) Use your knowledge of the theory of reconstructive memory to explain why Ann and Martyn have different memories of the same event. (6 marks) Ann and Martyn were at the bank when a person attempted to rob it. Later, when they were at the police station, they gave different accounts of the incident. Ann said that the incident happened in a different order than Martyn recalled. She also remembered the robber wearing different clothes and saying different things to the people at the bank than Martyn recalled. Ann and Martyn were at the bank when a person attempted to rob it. Later, when they were at the police station, they gave different accounts of the incident. Ann said that the incident happened in a different order than Martyn recalled. She also remembered the robber wearing different clothes and saying different things to the people at the bank than Martyn recalled. Use your knowledge of the theory of reconstructive memory to explain why Ann and Martyn have different memories of the same event. (6 marks) Use your knowledge of the theory of reconstructive memory to explain why Ann and Martyn have different memories of the same event. (6 marks) Ann and Martyn were at the bank when a person attempted to rob it. Later, when they were at the police station, they gave different accounts of the incident. Ann said that the incident happened in a different order than Martyn recalled. She also remembered the robber wearing different clothes and saying different things to the people at the bank than Martyn recalled. Ann and Martyn were at the bank when a person attempted to rob it. Later, when they were at the police station, they gave different accounts of the incident. Ann said that the incident happened in a different order than Martyn recalled. She also remembered the robber wearing different clothes and saying different things to the people at the bank than Martyn recalled. Use your knowledge of the theory of reconstructive memory to explain why Ann and Martyn have different memories of the same event. (6 marks) Use your knowledge of the theory of reconstructive memory to explain why Ann and Martyn have different memories of the same event. (6 marks)

  9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-sVnmmw6WY Let s see what fast-talking Hank has to say about memory. LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  10. Bartletts theory of reconstructive memory Thursday, 25 July 2024 Last week Last lesson Last month What is an independent groups design? Outline the results of Bartlett s War of the Ghosts study. What does the term effort after meaning mean? Condition 1 Condition 2 Bartlett states that memory recall is inaccurate. Can you give an example of when inaccurate recall may have a negative effect? Explain. LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  11. Watch the following video: Make notes about the key points outlined which link to Bartlett's Reconstructive Theory. LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  12. Task 1: Using card sort pieces, separate information into three PEE paragraphs. 10 Minutes LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  13. LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartletts theory of reconstructive memory.

  14. Task 2 PARC task Outline and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory. (9 marks) Steps for Success: Steps for Success: Paragraph 1: The theory/memory is inaccurate/reconstruction. Paragraph 3: P More realistic research. Paragraph 4: P Some memories are accurate. Paragraph 2: Social and cultural influences / effort after meaning. Paragraph 5: P Real world application. You can use the planning sheet to help you if you need it. Follow the steps and briefly plan it out before you write it. Make sure that you evaluate properly, some sentence starters could be: This shows that This means LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  15. Q1. Reconstruction shows that memory is: a. Consistent over time b. Almost always accurate c. Acoustically encoded d. An active process. LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  16. Q2. A major influence on reconstructive memory is: a. The time it takes to recall something b. Our level of intelligence c. Our social and cultural expectations d. The position of events in a story. LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  17. Q3. Bartlett called our attempt to make sense of memory fragments: a. Effort after meaning b. The serial position effect c. The multi-store model d. Memory deconstruction. LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  18. Q4. A significant strength of Bartletts theory is that it: a. Ignores the individual s social and cultural beliefs b. Can explain why memories are so accurate c. Is based on well-controlled research d. Can help us understand eyewitness testimony. LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  19. Q5. The two groups in an independent groups design may be: a. Control and matched b. Control and systematic c. Variable and experimental d. Control and experimental. LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

  20. Next lesson: You will have a Knowledge Organiser Quiz at the beginning of next lesson. LO: To be able to describe and evaluate Bartlett s theory of reconstructive memory.

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