Understanding Data Collection Methods in Health Sciences

 
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
 
OLUWADARE,T.
DEPARTMENTS OF COMMUNITY
MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH
 
Introduction
 
 
Data collection
The process of gathering raw facts or evidence about
a subject of interest in a systematic way, that enables
one to answer stated research questions and
evaluate outcomes.
 
It can also be defined as gathering of information
(figures, words or responses) that describes some
situation from which conclusions can be drawn.
 
Introduction contd.
 
 
Selecting appropriate method of data
collection depends on
 
Nature and scope of the enquiry
Availability of funds
Time factor
Precision required
 
Why we collect data in health sciences
 
 
 
 
Student activity
 
 
Data collection methods
 
 
Quantitative Method
 
This type of data collection deals with things that are
measurable and can be expressed in numbers or
figures, or using other values that express quantity.
That being said, quantitative data is usually
expressed in numerical form and can represent size,
length, duration, amount, price, and so on.
Quantitative research is most likely to provide
answers to questions such as who? when? where?
what? and how many?
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Quantitative Method
 
Quantitative survey questions are in most cases
closed-ended and created in accordance with the
research goals, thus making the answers easily
transformable into numbers, charts, graphs, and
tables.
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Quantitative Method
 
Quantitative data collection methods are often based
on mathematical calculations
Data obtained this way is usually seen as more
objective and reliable than qualitative.
Some of the most common quantitative data
collection techniques include 
surveys and
questionnaires
 (with closed-ended questions).
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Quantitative Method
 
Compared to qualitative techniques, quantitative
methods are usually cheaper and it takes less time to
gather data this way.
Due to a high level of standardization, it’s much
easier to compare and analyze the findings obtained
using quantitative data collection methods.
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Quantitative  Methods
 
Closed-ended Surveys and Online Quizzes
Closed-ended surveys and online quizzes are
based on questions that give respondents
predefined answer options to opt for.
There are two main types of closed-ended surveys
those based on categorical and those based on
interval/ratio questions.
 
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Quantitative  Methods
 
Closed-ended Surveys and Online Quizzes
Categorical survey questions can be further
classified into dichotomous (‘yes/no’), multiple-
choice questions, or checkbox questions and can
be answered with a simple “yes” or “no” or a
specific piece of predefined information.
Interval/ratio questions, on the other hand, can
consist of rating-scale, Likert-scale, or matrix
questions and involve a set of predefined values
to choose from on a fixed scale.
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative Method
 
Qualitative data is descriptive in nature rather than
numerical.
Qualitative data is usually not easily measurable as
quantitative and can be gained through observation
or open-ended survey or interview questions.
Qualitative research is most likely to provide answers
to questions such as “why?” and “how?”
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative Method
 
Qualitative data collection methods are most likely to
consist of open-ended questions and descriptive
answers and little or no numerical value.
Qualitative data is an excellent way to gain insight
into your audience’s thoughts and behavior (maybe
the ones you identified using quantitative research,
but wasn’t able to analyze in greater detail).
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative method
 
Open-Ended Surveys and Questionnaires
Interview
Direct observation
Role playing
 
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative method
 
Open-Ended Surveys and Questionnaires
Opposite to closed-ended are open-ended surveys
and questionnaires.
The main difference between the two is the fact
that closed-ended surveys offer predefined
answer options the respondent must choose
from, whereas open-ended surveys allow the
respondents much more freedom and flexibility
when providing their answers.
 
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative method
 
Open-Ended Surveys and Questionnaires
The findings of open-ended surveys are more
difficult to compile and analyze due to the fact
that there are no uniform answer options to
choose from.
 
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative method
 
Interview
This method of collecting data involves
presentation or oral/verbal stimuli and reply in
terms of oral-verbal responses
Interviewers ask questions which are aimed to get
information required for study from respondent
 
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative method
 
Interview
Structured interview
Predetermined questions
Standardized techniques of recorded
Interviewer follows rigid procedure
Time required for such interview is less than
non structured manner interview
Analysis of data becomes easier
 
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative method
 
Interview
Unstructured
No predetermined questions
No standard techniques
Interviewer has freedom to ask, omit , add any
questions
Ask questions without following sequence
Analysis of data is difficult
 
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative method
 
Interview
Demerit of interview
Expensive method
Respondent may give bias information
Takes more time when samples are more
Systematic errors may occur
Supervisors have to do complex work of
selecting, training and supervising the field staff
 
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative method
 
Interview
Personal interview
Telephone interviews
Focused group interview/discussion
 key informant interview
In-depth interview
 
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative method
Interview
Personal interview
One-on-one (or face-to-face) interviews are one of
the most common types of data collection
methods in qualitative research.
The interviewer collects data directly from the
interviewee.
This data collection technique is perfect when you
need to gather highly-personalized data.
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative method
Interview
Personal interview
Depending on your specific needs, the interview
can be informal, unstructured, conversational, and
even spontaneous (as if you were talking to your
friend)
it can be semi-structured and standardized to a
certain extent.
 it’s more difficult and time-consuming to process
the obtained data
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative method
Interview
Personal interview
Merits of personal interview
Information at greater depth
Flexibility of restructuring the questionnaire
Interviewer by his skill can overcome resistance
Non response generally low
Personal information can be obtained
Interviewer can collect supplementary
information about respondent’s personal
characteristics and environment which has
value in interpreting results
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative method
Interview
Focus groups
The focus groups data collection method is
essentially an interview method, but instead of
being done 1-on-1, here we have a group discussion.
Whenever the resources for 1-on-1 interviews are
limited (whether in terms of people, money, or time)
or you need to recreate a particular social situation
in order to gather data on people’s attitudes and
behaviors, focus groups can come in very useful.
Ideally, a focus group should have 3-10 people, plus
a moderator.
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative method
Interview
Focus groups
Depending on the research goal and what the data
obtained is to be used for, there should be some
common denominators for all the members of the
focus group.
For example, if you’re doing a study on the
rehabilitation of teenage female drug users, all the
members of your focus group have to be girls
recovering from drug addiction.
Other parameters, such as age, education,
employment, marital status do not have to be similar.
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative method
 
Direct observation
Direct observation is one of the most passive
qualitative data collection methods.
The data collector takes a participatory stance,
observing the setting in which the subjects of their
observation are while taking down notes, video/audio
recordings, photos, and so on
.
 
Data collection methods contd.
 
 
Qualitative method
 
Direct observation
Due to its participatory nature, direct observation can
lead to bias in research, as the participation may
influence the attitudes and opinions of the researcher,
making it challenging for them to remain objective.
Also, the fact that the researcher is a participant too
can affect the naturalness of the actions and
behaviors of subjects who know they’re being
observed.
 
THANK YOU
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Data collection in health sciences involves gathering raw facts systematically to answer research questions and evaluate outcomes. This includes selecting appropriate methods based on the nature of the enquiry, availability of resources, and required precision. Quantitative data collection focuses on measurable aspects expressed in numerical form, allowing for objective and reliable analysis through techniques like surveys and questionnaires. Quantitative methods are cost-effective, time-efficient, and enable standardized comparisons of findings.


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  1. DATA COLLECTION METHODS OLUWADARE,T. DEPARTMENTS OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH

  2. Introduction Data collection The process of gathering raw facts or evidence about a subject of interest in a systematic way, that enables one to answer stated research questions and evaluate outcomes. It can also be defined as gathering of information (figures, words or responses) that describes some situation from which conclusions can be drawn.

  3. Introduction contd. Selecting appropriate method of data collection depends on Nature and scope of the enquiry Availability of funds Time factor Precision required

  4. Why we collect data in health sciences Student activity

  5. Data collection methods Quantitative Method This type of data collection deals with things that are measurable and can be expressed in numbers or figures, or using other values that express quantity. That being said, quantitative data is usually expressed in numerical form and can represent size, length, duration, amount, price, and so on. Quantitative research is most likely to provide answers to questions such as who? when? where? what? and how many?

  6. Data collection methods contd. Quantitative Method Quantitative survey questions are in most cases closed-ended and created in accordance with the research goals, thus making the answers easily transformable into numbers, charts, graphs, and tables.

  7. Data collection methods contd. Quantitative Method Quantitative data collection methods are often based on mathematical calculations Data obtained this way is usually seen as more objective and reliable than qualitative. Some of the most common quantitative data collection techniques include surveys and questionnaires (with closed-ended questions).

  8. Data collection methods contd. Quantitative Method Compared to qualitative techniques, quantitative methods are usually cheaper and it takes less time to gather data this way. Due to a high level of standardization, it s much easier to compare and analyze the findings obtained using quantitative data collection methods.

  9. Data collection methods contd. Quantitative Methods Closed-ended Surveys and Online Quizzes Closed-ended surveys and online quizzes are based on questions that give respondents predefined answer options to opt for. There are two main types of closed-ended surveys those based on categorical and those based on interval/ratio questions.

  10. Data collection methods contd. Quantitative Methods Closed-ended Surveys and Online Quizzes Categorical survey questions can be further classified into dichotomous ( yes/no ), multiple- choice questions, or checkbox questions and can be answered with a simple yes or no or a specific piece of predefined information. Interval/ratio questions, on the other hand, can consist of rating-scale, Likert-scale, or matrix questions and involve a set of predefined values to choose from on a fixed scale.

  11. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative Method Qualitative data is descriptive in nature rather than numerical. Qualitative data is usually not easily measurable as quantitative and can be gained through observation or open-ended survey or interview questions. Qualitative research is most likely to provide answers to questions such as why? and how?

  12. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative Method Qualitative data collection methods are most likely to consist of open-ended questions and descriptive answers and little or no numerical value. Qualitative data is an excellent way to gain insight into your audience s thoughts and behavior (maybe the ones you identified using quantitative research, but wasn t able to analyze in greater detail).

  13. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative method Open-Ended Surveys and Questionnaires Interview Direct observation Role playing

  14. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative method Open-Ended Surveys and Questionnaires Opposite to closed-ended are open-ended surveys and questionnaires. The main difference between the two is the fact that closed-ended surveys offer predefined answer options the respondent must choose from, whereas open-ended surveys allow the respondents much more freedom and flexibility when providing their answers.

  15. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative method Open-Ended Surveys and Questionnaires The findings of open-ended surveys are more difficult to compile and analyze due to the fact that there are no uniform answer options to choose from.

  16. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative method Interview This method of collecting data involves presentation or oral/verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses Interviewers ask questions which are aimed to get information required for study from respondent

  17. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative method Interview Structured interview Predetermined questions Standardized techniques of recorded Interviewer follows rigid procedure Time required for such interview is less than non structured manner interview Analysis of data becomes easier

  18. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative method Interview Unstructured No predetermined questions No standard techniques Interviewer has freedom to ask, omit , add any questions Ask questions without following sequence Analysis of data is difficult

  19. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative method Interview Demerit of interview Expensive method Respondent may give bias information Takes more time when samples are more Systematic errors may occur Supervisors have to do complex work of selecting, training and supervising the field staff

  20. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative method Interview Personal interview Telephone interviews Focused group interview/discussion key informant interview In-depth interview

  21. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative method Interview Personal interview One-on-one (or face-to-face) interviews are one of the most common types of data collection methods in qualitative research. The interviewer collects data directly from the interviewee. This data collection technique is perfect when you need to gather highly-personalized data.

  22. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative method Interview Personal interview Depending on your specific needs, the interview can be informal, unstructured, conversational, and even spontaneous (as if you were talking to your friend) it can be semi-structured and standardized to a certain extent. it s more difficult and time-consuming to process the obtained data

  23. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative method Interview Personal interview Merits of personal interview Information at greater depth Flexibility of restructuring the questionnaire Interviewer by his skill can overcome resistance Non response generally low Personal information can be obtained Interviewer can collect supplementary information about respondent s personal characteristics and environment which has value in interpreting results

  24. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative method Interview Focus groups The focus groups data collection method is essentially an interview method, but instead of being done 1-on-1, here we have a group discussion. Whenever the resources for 1-on-1 interviews are limited (whether in terms of people, money, or time) or you need to recreate a particular social situation in order to gather data on people s attitudes and behaviors, focus groups can come in very useful. Ideally, a focus group should have 3-10 people, plus a moderator.

  25. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative method Interview Focus groups Depending on the research goal and what the data obtained is to be used for, there should be some common denominators for all the members of the focus group. For example, if you re doing a study on the rehabilitation of teenage female drug users, all the members of your focus group have to be girls recovering from drug addiction. Other parameters, such as age, education, employment, marital status do not have to be similar.

  26. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative method Direct observation Direct observation is one of the most passive qualitative data collection methods. The data collector takes a participatory stance, observing the setting in which the subjects of their observation are while taking down notes, video/audio recordings, photos, and so on.

  27. Data collection methods contd. Qualitative method Direct observation Due to its participatory nature, direct observation can lead to bias in research, as the participation may influence the attitudes and opinions of the researcher, making it challenging for them to remain objective. Also, the fact that the researcher is a participant too can affect the naturalness of the actions and behaviors of subjects who know they re being observed.

  28. THANK YOU

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