White Line Disease and Laminitis in Veterinary Medicine

 
1.White line separation and
abscessation
2.Laminitis
 
Dr. Mithilesh Kumar
Assistant Professor cum Jr. Scientist
Department of Surgery and Radiology
Bihar Veterinary College, Patna-800014.
 
Synonym: white line disease.
Definition: abaxial, or less commonly axial,
 wall separation from laminae at sole-wall area extending proximally, with cavity impacted with
mud, faeces; or with development of abscess cavity at deepest part (abscessation).
Incidence: high and in some areas is major cause of digital lameness.
 
Signs
moderate lameness
 white line wider than usual.
 separation evident on paring, no pain
 cases of white line abscessation are lame and have pain localised to wall
 internal wall abscess
 advanced cases have supracoronary septic sinus discharge.
 
Treatment
 routine trimming of all digits
 pare off wall over impacted and septic area to achieve drainage and prevent further impaction
 also remove all under-run sole (some cases have a large ‘false sole’)
 apply local antiseptic dressing (e.g. oxytetracycline spray) and firm dressing
normal shape of claw
 in septic cases give broad spectrum antibiotics for three days
 
LAMINITIS (coriosis)
 
Synonym:  coriosis, ‘founder’.
Definition: diffuse acute, subacute, subclinical or chronic inflammation of pododerm, usually in
several digits. Chronic cases without acute stage are often seen.
 Incidence: sporadic acute cases, widespread subacute, subclinical and chronic cases commonly in
dairy units, high incidence in recently calved heifers and younger cows around parturition.
 
Predisposition:
 inherited factors (proven in Jersey)
 parturition
feeding stress (ruminal lactic acidosis, subacute ruminal acidosis or SARA) from change of dry cow
concentrate diet to high production rations.
 exacerbation by trauma (overburdening), as in excessive standing due to reluctance to use
cubicles.
 
Signs
 acute stage: painful hot digit, digital arterial pulsation, general depression, severe lameness,
abnormal stance, possibly recumbent
 subacute: less painful but persistent stiffness, stilted gait, solear and white line haemorrhages.
 chronic: stiff gait or not lame, ‘slipper foot’ malformation with horizontal lines on wall, concave
dorsal wall, widened white line and evidence of old solear and white line haemorrhages.
 
Treatment
 acute stage: give systemic NSAIDs (flunixine meglumine or meloxicam) or possibly corticosteroids
(only if non-pregnant) and diuretics
 ensure exercise (to improve local circulation and further reduce developing oedema), preferably
by turning on to soft ground, e.g. field
 remove any precipitating dietary causes
 feed no concentrates until acute phase is over
 in recumbent case consider digital nerve block to get heifer or cow to stand, then forced exercise
subacute stage: as in acute case
 chronic case: hoof trimming
 
Prophylaxis:
avoid large amounts of prepartum concentrates (‘steaming up’ ‘lead feeding’), which should not
exceed 2 kg daily
 avoid high intake of concentrate in early lactation, and aim at peak yield about six weeks
postpartum
roughage immediately before and after concentrate intake, or consider change to complete diet
feeding if problem persists
 improve buffering capacity of rumen fluid (avoid lactic acidosis or SARA) by increasing saliva
production: give iodide or rock salt, grass or lucerne nuts in concentrate
 
consider adding 1% sodium bicarbonate to concentrate ration, which should be fed as three to
four daily portions
 ensure plenty of exercise in both pre- and post-partum weeks
 avoid exposure to excessive sole wear from long stony tracks, rough concrete
 high fibre diets should be used in rearing dairy heifers in long term planning
 ensure regular claw examination and trimming
 
Discussion
Excess lactic acid production alters rumenal bacterial flora, and causes release of bacterial
endotoxins involving histamine release and stagnation of blood in laminae of digital horn, with
consequent hypoxia and functional ischaemia.
 Ischaemic necrosis of the corium and laminae heals by fibrosis.
 These tissues then inevitably produce defective (soft, poor quality) horn.
Toxic conditions (mastitis, metritis) may also contribute to development of laminitis in some dairy
cattle.
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White line disease is characterized by wall separation with cavity impacted by mud or abscess formation, leading to lameness in animals. Treatment involves trimming, drainage, and antibiotic therapy. Laminitis is inflammation of the pododerm, causing acute pain, lameness, and hoof abnormalities. Predisposing factors include feeding stress and trauma. Recognizing signs and prompt treatment are crucial for managing these conditions.

  • Veterinary medicine
  • White line disease
  • Laminitis
  • Animal health
  • Pododerm inflammation

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  1. 1.White line separation and abscessation 2.Laminitis Dr. Mithilesh Kumar Assistant Professor cum Jr. Scientist Department of Surgery and Radiology Bihar Veterinary College, Patna-800014.

  2. Synonym: white line disease. Definition: abaxial, or less commonly axial, wall separation from laminae at sole-wall area extending proximally, with cavity impacted with mud, faeces; or with development of abscess cavity at deepest part (abscessation). Incidence: high and in some areas is major cause of digital lameness.

  3. Signs moderate lameness white line wider than usual. separation evident on paring, no pain cases of white line abscessation are lame and have pain localised to wall internal wall abscess advanced cases have supracoronary septic sinus discharge.

  4. Treatment routine trimming of all digits pare off wall over impacted and septic area to achieve drainage and prevent further impaction also remove all under-run sole (some cases have a large false sole ) apply local antiseptic dressing (e.g. oxytetracycline spray) and firm dressing normal shape of claw in septic cases give broad spectrum antibiotics for three days

  5. LAMINITIS (coriosis) Synonym: coriosis, founder . Definition: diffuse acute, subacute, subclinical or chronic inflammation of pododerm, usually in several digits. Chronic cases without acute stage are often seen. Incidence: sporadic acute cases, widespread subacute, subclinical and chronic cases commonly in dairy units, high incidence in recently calved heifers and younger cows around parturition.

  6. Predisposition: inherited factors (proven in Jersey) parturition feeding stress (ruminal lactic acidosis, subacute ruminal acidosis or SARA) from change of dry cow concentrate diet to high production rations. exacerbation by trauma (overburdening), as in excessive standing due to reluctance to use cubicles.

  7. Signs acute stage: painful hot digit, digital arterial pulsation, general depression, severe lameness, abnormal stance, possibly recumbent subacute: less painful but persistent stiffness, stilted gait, solear and white line haemorrhages. chronic: stiff gait or not lame, slipper foot malformation with horizontal lines on wall, concave dorsal wall, widened white line and evidence of old solear and white line haemorrhages.

  8. Treatment acute stage: give systemic NSAIDs (flunixine meglumine or meloxicam) or possibly corticosteroids (only if non-pregnant) and diuretics ensure exercise (to improve local circulation and further reduce developing oedema), preferably by turning on to soft ground, e.g. field remove any precipitating dietary causes feed no concentrates until acute phase is over in recumbent case consider digital nerve block to get heifer or cow to stand, then forced exercise subacute stage: as in acute case chronic case: hoof trimming

  9. Prophylaxis: avoid large amounts of prepartum concentrates ( steaming up lead feeding ), which should not exceed 2 kg daily avoid high intake of concentrate in early lactation, and aim at peak yield about six weeks postpartum roughage immediately before and after concentrate intake, or consider change to complete diet feeding if problem persists improve buffering capacity of rumen fluid (avoid lactic acidosis or SARA) by increasing saliva production: give iodide or rock salt, grass or lucerne nuts in concentrate

  10. consider adding 1% sodium bicarbonate to concentrate ration, which should be fed as three to four daily portions ensure plenty of exercise in both pre- and post-partum weeks avoid exposure to excessive sole wear from long stony tracks, rough concrete high fibre diets should be used in rearing dairy heifers in long term planning ensure regular claw examination and trimming

  11. Discussion Excess lactic acid production alters rumenal bacterial flora, and causes release of bacterial endotoxins involving histamine release and stagnation of blood in laminae of digital horn, with consequent hypoxia and functional ischaemia. Ischaemic necrosis of the corium and laminae heals by fibrosis. These tissues then inevitably produce defective (soft, poor quality) horn. Toxic conditions (mastitis, metritis) may also contribute to development of laminitis in some dairy cattle.

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