Verb Disambiguation through Collocation Patterns
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Patrick Hanks
Research Institute of Information and Language Processing,
University of Wolverhampton
patrick.w.hanks@gmail.com
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In any dictionary, more than one sense is usually given for each
word.
–
Often, many senses.
–
For example, in
MWALED (Merriam Websters’ Advanced Learner’s English
Dictionary)
the verb
blow
has 12 senses, plus 6 subsenses, plus 7 phrasal verbs
(each with between 1 and 6 senses), plus 15 idiomatic phrases.
–
The noun is even more complicated.
•
Dictionaries do not tell the user (a learner or a programmer) how
to distinguish one sense of a word from another.
•
WSD (word sense disambiguation) projects in NLP, using
dictionaries, have failed, according to leaders in the field (e.g.
Ide and Wilks 2006).
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Most utterances consists of words used in familiar patterns, e.g.:
–
The wind was
blowing
from the east;
–
the wind
blew
the napkin off the table;
–
the referee
blew
his whistle for the end of the match;
–
he
blew
his nose.
–
They
blew up
the bridge;
–
the bridge
blew up
.
•
These are examples of phraseological ‘norms’ associated with
blow
.
•
Unconsciously, ordinary language users repeat the same
norms
(patterns) over and over again, with minor variations in the
various slots in the patterns.
–
e.g. ‘
east
’ alternates with ‘
west
’, ‘
north
’, ‘
south
’, etc.
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Unlike words, patterns are unambiguous.
•
‘
He blew up a bridge
’ and ‘
He blew up a balloon
’ have quite
distinct, unambiguous meanings
–
even though the words
blow
,
bridge
, and
balloon
can all be ambiguous
when taken in isolation, out of context.
–
The verb is the pivot of the clause.
–
Each verb is associated with one or more stereotypical phraseological
patterns.
•
For NLP and language teaching alike, there is a great need for a
dictionary or inventory of normal phraseological patterns.
•
A pattern is a statistical probability, not a cut-and-dried certainty.
•
The aim must be to inventorize all normal usage, not all possible
usage.
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The DVC project at RIILP is developing a method (Corpus
Pattern Analysis) for identifying and building an inventory of
prototypical phraseological norms.
•
www.pdev.org.uk
•
Each pattern consists of a
syntagmatic structure
plus
lexical
sets
of
collocations.
•
Understanding meaning depends on matching the wording of an
actual utterance with a pattern.
–
Best match wins!
•
Speakers and writers sometimes
exploit
norms in various ways,
for example to create new metaphors.
•
The DVC project is also studying the rules governing
exploitations of phraseological norms.
5
Verbs in natural language are highly ambiguous, posing challenges for word sense disambiguation projects. This article introduces the role of phraseological norms and exploitations in distinguishing between different senses of verbs by analyzing collocation patterns. Through Corpus Pattern Analysis, the DVC project aims to create an inventory of typical phraseological norms to aid in language processing and teaching. By recognizing and leveraging these patterns, both speakers and writers can effectively convey nuanced meanings and create new metaphors.
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The DVC project: Disambiguation of Verbs by Collocation ____ an introduction to the linguistic theory of norms and exploitations Patrick Hanks Research Institute of Information and Language Processing, University of Wolverhampton patrick.w.hanks@gmail.com 1
Words are very ambiguous; dictionaries are misleading In any dictionary, more than one sense is usually given for each word. Often, many senses. For example, in MWALED (Merriam Websters Advanced Learner s English Dictionary) the verb blow has 12 senses, plus 6 subsenses, plus 7 phrasal verbs (each with between 1 and 6 senses), plus 15 idiomatic phrases. The noun is even more complicated. Dictionaries do not tell the user (a learner or a programmer) how to distinguish one sense of a word from another. WSD (word sense disambiguation) projects in NLP, using dictionaries, have failed, according to leaders in the field (e.g. Ide and Wilks 2006). 2
Phraseological patterns of word use Most utterances consists of words used in familiar patterns, e.g.: The wind was blowing from the east; the wind blew the napkin off the table; the referee blew his whistle for the end of the match; he blew his nose. They blew up the bridge; the bridge blew up. These are examples of phraseological norms associated with blow. Unconsciously, ordinary language users repeat the same norms (patterns) over and over again, with minor variations in the various slots in the patterns. e.g. east alternates with west , north , south , etc. 3
Patterns are unambiguous Unlike words, patterns are unambiguous. He blew up a bridge and He blew up a balloon have quite distinct, unambiguous meanings even though the words blow, bridge, and balloon can all be ambiguous when taken in isolation, out of context. The verb is the pivot of the clause. Each verb is associated with one or more stereotypical phraseological patterns. For NLP and language teaching alike, there is a great need for a dictionary or inventory of normal phraseological patterns. A pattern is a statistical probability, not a cut-and-dried certainty. The aim must be to inventorize all normal usage, not all possible usage. 4
Norms and exploitations The DVC project at RIILP is developing a method (Corpus Pattern Analysis) for identifying and building an inventory of prototypical phraseological norms. www.pdev.org.uk Each pattern consists of a syntagmatic structure plus lexical sets of collocations. Understanding meaning depends on matching the wording of an actual utterance with a pattern. Best match wins! Speakers and writers sometimes exploit norms in various ways, for example to create new metaphors. The DVC project is also studying the rules governing exploitations of phraseological norms. 5
