Urban Green Spaces for Health: Integrating Health Impact Assessment

IA and the development of green spaces for health Julia Nowacki World Health Organization Prof Dr Thomas B Fischer PhD FIEMA Environmental Assessment Group School of Environmental Sciences

Introduction Report on how health role of urban green space is considered and supported through HIA, SEA and EIA. Reflecting on practices in the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria and the US 3/18/2025 2 IA and the development of green spaces for health

Contents Introduction HIA EIA and SEA Chosen cases Questions for reviewing IAs Coverage of HIAs, EIAs and SEAs Key Findings 3/18/2025 3 IA and the development of green spaces for health

Introduction Urban green space can have beneficial impacts on human health; physical, social, psychological Parma Declaration on Environment and Health (2010) aim to provide each child with access [ ] to green spaces in which to play and undertake physical activity (Goal 2, part iv). 2015 SDG 11.7 to provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities . WHO Health 2020policy framework under priority area of creating supportive environments and resilient communities . 3/18/2025 4 IA and the development of green spaces for health

HIA A means of assessing the health impacts of policies, plans and projects in diverse economic sectors [e.g. transport, agriculture or housing], using quantitative, qualitative and participatory techniques (http://www.who.int/hia/en/). 3/18/2025 5 IA and the development of green spaces for health

HIA In practice, the term is used as follows: Assessments of products. Promotional ( problem driven ) guidelines for how healthy development may be supported and/or health and well-being through the enhanced usage of green spaces be promoted. Toolkits for establishing health impacts of UGS interventions Ex-post healthy development optimization support studies for planned projects that already have obtained development consent Ex-ante HIAs applied in policy, plan, programme and project (PPPP) making processes, leading towards development consent (or equivalent), at times in the context of SEA and EIA or in parallel to them; with regards to green space, two types of HIA can be distinguished: HIA for green space initiatives, policies, plans, programmes or projects HIAs for other sectors policies, plans, programmes and projects, e.g. spatial/land use, transport, energy or waste. 3/18/2025 6 IA and the development of green spaces for health

EIA and SEA In practice (though not necessarily conceptually), definitional problems with regards to what counts as SEA and EIA are less of an issue EIA is a requirement in literally all countries in the world. SEA is now also routinely applied in over 60 countries globally 3/18/2025 7 IA and the development of green spaces for health

Chosen cases Potentially suitable cases were identified as follows: Web searches (mainly Google Scholar and Google) Going through an HIA database, previously compiled by the WHO, European Regional Office Contacting HIA/SEA/EIA and public health experts from 15 EU Member States 3/18/2025 8 IA and the development of green spaces for health

Chosen cases 1. HIA of the bid to the Big Lottery Funding for the Connswater Community Greenway in East Belfast, Northern Ireland, 2007 (project focused rapid appraisal); Kingswear Road, Torpoint Road and Haldon Close Development Area HIA (Health Impact Statement), England, 2013 (master plan focused rapid appraisal); West Rhyl Greenspace Project (WRGP) HIA, Wales, 2014 (project focused rapid appraisal); HIAof the draft East End Local Development Strategy entitled Changing Places: Changing Lives , Scotland, 2007 (policy focused rapid appraisal); A HIA concerning the Gardens for People project in Stonehouse Plymouth, England, 2002 (policy focused rapid appraisal); Eastern Neighbourhoods Community HIA (ENCHIA), United States, 2007 (problem driven HIA, analysing an existing situation and resulting in recommendations); HIA of Atlanta Regional Plan 2040, United States, 2012 (problem driven HIA, analysing an existing situation and resulting in recommendations); Landschaftsplan G ttingen and associated SEA for the Local Land Use Plan (Landschaftsplan und SUP des FNP G ttingen), Germany, 2015; Gebiedsontwikkeling Brainport Park Eindhoven Milieueffectrapport (Area Development Plan Brainport Park EIA), The Netherlands, 2015; Vienna main railway station and associated EIA urban development (Hauptbahnhof Wien, UVPs St dtebau, Bahn Infrastruktur und Strassenbau), Austria, 2008; Glasgow City Plan 2 SEA, Scotland, 2009; and Local Transport Plan Plymouth SEA, England, 2010. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 3/18/2025 9 IA and the development of green spaces for health

Questions for reviewing IAs 3/18/2025 10 IA and the development of green spaces for health

Coverage of HIAs, EIAs and SEAs 3/18/2025 11 IA and the development of green spaces for health

Key findings Only those PPPPs that have green space development as the main starting point make an explicit connection with health. When green space interventions are not the starting point, the connection made between health and green space is weaker and frequently implicit only 3/18/2025 12 IA and the development of green spaces for health

Key findings The HIAs, SEAs and EIAs studied here do not make the most of the methodologies that are available for developing evidence and for monitoring them. This may be attributed partly to the fact that the effects of interventions are not usually evident in the short run. However, continuous long term monitoring (e.g. over a decade) would in most cases be difficult to secure. 3/18/2025 13 IA and the development of green spaces for health

Key findings Two main approaches of HIA, SEA and EIA with regards to UGS interventions and associated health impacts were identified: A problem-driven approach, where human health is to be promoted through UGS and where the UGS intervention itself is the main subject of a plan or project. In this context, HIA is often applied, adopting the role of guidance, enhancing communication and awareness amongst stakeholders. Furthermore, at times HIAs also takes the role of a (health) promotional tool, with a tendency towards qualitative analysis and a focus on positive outcomes, rather than negative impacts. An impact-driven approach, which focuses on (often negative) impacts of a (usually non-UGS intervention specific) plan or project (which considers UGS, though) and where mostly EIA/SEA are applied. Both, UGS and health will usually be only one of many aspects considered. Here, it is often difficult to isolate impacts on health, and thus health monitoring will be tricky. 3/18/2025 14 IA and the development of green spaces for health

Key findings the use of HIA should be extended to assessing impacts of proposed plans and projects (both UGS and non-UGS focused), while EIAs/SEAs should aim at giving more space to a problem-driven approach, being less reactive and more pro-active, explicitly establishing the causal effects of green space interventions on health. Amongst the examined IA cases in this paper, a few had SEAs/EIAs prepared along with HIAs. Unfortunately, though, they are frequently not applied together. 3/18/2025 15 IA and the development of green spaces for health

Thank You! 3/18/2025 16 IA and the development of green spaces for health