Understanding Verbs: Unit 1 Lecture Notes - New Headway Plus Upper-Intermediate
Dive into Unit 1 lecture notes of New Headway Plus Upper-Intermediate focusing on the tense system, auxiliary verbs, main verbs like Be, Do, Have, modal auxiliaries, differentiating between auxiliaries and full verbs, and understanding verb forms through examples.
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NEW HEADWAY PLUS UPPER-INTERMEDIATE LECTURE NOTES Fourth Year College of Law Mustansiriyah University Lect. Rania Adnan Aziz
Unit 1 The Tense System Auxiliaries and Main Verbs Be Do Have Auxiliary Can May Will Shall Must Ought to Need There are three classes of verbs in English Modal All the other verbs in the language Examples: run, walk, eat, love, go, talk, write Full 1. Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs. They do not work alone, but come with the main verb. Auxiliary verbs have a number of functions: they show the tense of the verb, show number (singular and plural subjects), carry the negative word not , move in the inversion to make questions, are used in question tags and short answers. BE Verbs that come with BE are either in continuous or past participle (passive) form. They re lying. I ve been swimming. These books are printed in Hong Kong. The work should be done soon. 2
Unit 1 The Tense System Auxiliaries and Main Verbs DO DO comes with verbs in present and past simple tense and is also used to emphasize the sentence. Do you smoke? When did they arrive? Why didn tyou tell me? I did tell you! HAVE HAVE is used with the past participle to make perfect verb forms. My car had broken down before. perfect HAVE and HAVE GOT 1- Both verbs mean possess/own. 2- HAVE is more formal than have got. 3- HAVE GOT is used only in present tense. 4- HAVE GOT TO can also express obligation (= HAVE TO) 5- Forms of HAVE are used in all other tenses. Do you have any brothers or sisters? Have you got any brothers or sisters? Do you have to go now? Have you got to go now? I had my first car when I was nineteen. I ve had this car for two years. 1 4 5 3
Unit 1 The Tense System Auxiliaries and Main Verbs 2. These ae different from other auxiliaries because they have their own meanings. Modal auxiliary verbs You must work harder. (=obligation) Can you help me? (=request) I ll help you. (=willingness) 3. These are all the other verbs in the language. Read, think, take, see, understand, cook. Full verbs Jamie bakes delicious cakes. Tom hates bad weather. All the kids went to the park. Note: The verbs BE, DO and HAVE also appear as full verbs with their own meanings. In this case they behave like full verbs, not like auxiliaries. But how do we know when they are auxiliaries and when they are full verbs? The answer is to first look at the examples in the next page. No matter how many verbs you have, the last one (to the right) is the main verb and all the other verbs (to the left) are the auxiliaries. 4
Unit 1 The Tense System Auxiliaries and Main Verbs I read. 1 main verb one lonely verb= main verb I am reading. 1 2 auxiliary main verb two verbs= auxiliary + main verb I have been reading. 1 2 3 auxiliary main verb auxiliary three verbs= auxiliary + auxiliary + main verb I will have been reading. 1 2 3 4 auxiliary main verb auxiliary auxiliary four verbs= auxiliary + auxiliary + auxiliary + main verb 5
Unit 1 The Tense System Time and Aspect Time refers to when an action (verb) happens or for how long. Aspect refers to the nature of the action: complete or incomplete actions. So, Simple aspect (in Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Perfect Simple and Past Perfect Simple tenses ) is for completed actions. The sun rises in the east. She has red hair. She s written three letters. Continuous aspect is for the duration of an action. This action is not permanent; it s in progress and can be interrupted. I ve been learning English for years. Don t phone at 8:00. We ll be eating. Notice that there are some verbs that do not take the continuous. They express states that are seen to be permanent and may not change in the future. They are called State Verbs. Don t say I m liking coffee, or This cup is containing water. The perfect aspect has two meanings. 1- the action is completed before another time. 2- the exact time of the action is not important. The time is indefinite in he perfect aspect. When I arrived, Peter had left. (Peter left and then I arrived.) Past perfect is older in time than the past simple. Have you seen my wallet anywhere? Verbs of mind Know Understand Believe Think Mean Agree Verbs of emotions Love Hate Like Prefer Care Verbs of possession Have Own Belong Certain other verbs Cost Need Contain depend Chart State Verbs 6
Unit 1 The Tense System Auxiliaries and Main Verbs Active and Passive Voice Active voice is when the subject is there in the sentence. Passive voice is when the subject is not there. The subject may be unknown or unimportant so we don t provide it in the passive sentence. Or we simply do not want to tell who the subject is. Another reason why we use the passive voice is to highlight the object, we put some focus on it. The verb of the active sentence must be transitive so that it gets an object that we will use in the passive sentence. The active sentence comes in the same tense as the active one. So, if the active sentence is in the present simple tense, the passive will also be in the present simple tense. 7
Unit 1 The Tense System Active and Passive Voice I eat the cake. S V O ACTIVE O V (S) PASSIVE The verb structure in the passive voice be + main verb original tense in past participle O V (S) The cake is eaten (by me). 8
Unit 1 The Tense System Active and Passive Voice I ate the cake. S V O ACTIVE The cake was eaten. PASSIVE The verb structure in the passive voice for more than one auxiliary original auxiliaries + be + main verb original tense in past participle I have eaten the cake. The cake has been eaten (by me). O V The cake had been eaten (by me). (S) 9
Unit 1 The Tense System Active and Passive Voice I ate the cake. S V O ACTIVE The verb structure in the passive voice The cake was eaten. PASSIVE be + main verb original tense in past participle O V (S) The cake is eaten (by me). I am eating the cake. The cake is being eaten. I was eating the cake. The cake was being eaten. I have eaten the cake. The cake has been eaten. I had eaten the cake. (by me) The cake had been eaten. I will eat the cake. The cake will be eaten. I would eat the cake. The cake would be eaten. 10
Unit 1 Everyday English Informal writing Informal Writing When people talk in an informal way, they often use colloquial language and delete some words. Here is an example. A- I have been here for two days. B- Been here for two days. Example B is informal language. It has an incomplete sentence where the subject and the auxiliary are missing. Sometimes, people use shorter versions of words like cos/ cause which mean because. Other examples are in the texts, pages 6-8 in the book. Compound words Some words can be put together to form new words. These new words are called compound words. They can be nouns (n) or adjectives (adj). Life + style = lifestyle (n) house + bound = housebound (adj) Home + grown = home-grown (adj) book + case =bookcase (n) See p. 13 for more examples. 11
