Understanding Seed Anatomy and Germination Processes

 
Anatomy of the Seed
Topic # 2023
 
Mr. Christensen
 
Taxonomic Classes
 
Angiosperm
—The flowering plants, seeds
are borne in an enclosed ovary (Examples
Corn, beans and Maples  250,000 species).
Gymnosperm
—The seeds of gymnosperms
are borne naked with no ovary (Examples:
Pines, spruces, and ginkgo 700 species)
 
http://backyardnature.net/gymnos.htm
 
Minnesota Tree Care Advisors
www.mntca.org/Reference_manual/tca_silver_maple.htm
 
Subclasses of Angiosperms
 
Monocot—
Plants that have one cotyledon
(seed leaf) in their seeds (60,000 species).
Dicot—
Plants that have two cotyledons in
their seeds (185,000 species).
 
 
 
Oklahoma Education--www.howe.k12ok.us/~jimaskew/bplants.htm
 
Seed Components
 
A seed contains all of the genetic information
needed to develop into an entire plant.  It contains
three parts.
(1) Embryo
-a miniature plant which will grow
when conditions are favorable.
(2) Endosperm
-built in food supply for the plant.
(3) Seed Coat
—Hard outer covering, protects the
seed from disease and insects.  Prevents water
from entering the seed before the proper time.
 
Seed Germination
 
Germination
-Seed embryo goes from a dormant state to
an active, growing state.
Conditions for germination—
   1.  The seed 
absorbs water
 through the seed coat
    2.  The seed has 
oxygen
    3.  The seed has a 
favorable temperature
    4.  Some species, require light (Celery) others darkness.
    5.  Dormancy Period
 
Favorable Temperature
 
Most species require 65-86
0
F.
Some species have specific temperature
requirements
     Cool temps (40-77) 
0
F (broccoli, carrot,
celery, lettuce, onion, coleus, delphinium)
     Warm temps
           -above 50 
0
F; asparagus, corn, tomato
           -above 60 
0
F; beans, pepper, cucurbits
 
Seed Dormancy
 
Seed coat dormancy
-a hard seed coat does not
allow water to penetrate (Redbud, locust).
Scarification
-breaking of the seed coat (fire,
insects, digestion, fungi, mechanically or with
chemicals.
 
Embryo dormancy
-seeds must go through a
chilling period before germinating (elm, witch
hazel) 
Stratification
 is used storing seeds in moist
medium at temperatures between 32
0
 and 50
0
F.
 
Monocot Seed Parts
 
 
http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/pss1321/web%20Topics/cpa2.htm
 
Hypogeal Emergence
 
Iowa State University http//maize.agron.iastate.edu/images/corn/fig1.gif
 
 
 
Iowa State University http//maize.agron.iastate.edu/images/corn/fig1.gif
 
Dicot Seed Parts
 
 
http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/pss1321/web%20Topics/cpa2.htm
 
 
 
The seedsite.co.uk/seedparts.html
 
 
http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/pss1321/web%20Topics/cpa2.htm
 
 
 
http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/pss1321/web%20Topics/cpa2.htm
 
 
 
Iowa State University http//www.extension.iastate.edu/pages/hancock/agriculture/soybean/bean_develop/emergence.html
 
Epigeal Emergence
 
Mrs. Killough’s AP Biology Class www.flashnet/~ben8403/seedanat.html
 
 
Hypogeal
 
Emergence
 
 
Epigeal Emergence
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Explore the anatomy of seeds, including taxonomic classes like angiosperms and gymnosperms, subclasses within angiosperms, and components of a seed such as the embryo, endosperm, and seed coat. Learn about seed germination conditions, dormancy, and factors like favorable temperature and scarification. Discover the crucial stages in a seed's life cycle and how different species have specific requirements for successful germination.


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  1. Anatomy of the Seed Topic # 2023 Mr. Christensen

  2. Taxonomic Classes Angiosperm The flowering plants, seeds are borne in an enclosed ovary (Examples Corn, beans and Maples 250,000 species). Gymnosperm The seeds of gymnosperms are borne naked with no ovary (Examples: Pines, spruces, and ginkgo 700 species) Minnesota Tree Care Advisors www.mntca.org/Reference_manual/tca_silver_maple.htm http://backyardnature.net/gymnos.htm

  3. Subclasses of Angiosperms Monocot Plants that have one cotyledon (seed leaf) in their seeds (60,000 species). Dicot Plants that have two cotyledons in their seeds (185,000 species).

  4. Oklahoma Education--www.howe.k12ok.us/~jimaskew/bplants.htm

  5. Seed Components A seed contains all of the genetic information needed to develop into an entire plant. It contains three parts. (1) Embryo-a miniature plant which will grow when conditions are favorable. (2) Endosperm-built in food supply for the plant. (3) Seed Coat Hard outer covering, protects the seed from disease and insects. Prevents water from entering the seed before the proper time.

  6. Seed Germination Germination-Seed embryo goes from a dormant state to an active, growing state. Conditions for germination 1. The seed absorbs water through the seed coat 2. The seed has oxygen 3. The seed has a favorable temperature 4. Some species, require light (Celery) others darkness. 5. Dormancy Period

  7. Favorable Temperature Most species require 65-860F. Some species have specific temperature requirements Cool temps (40-77) 0F (broccoli, carrot, celery, lettuce, onion, coleus, delphinium) Warm temps -above 50 0F; asparagus, corn, tomato -above 60 0F; beans, pepper, cucurbits

  8. Seed Dormancy Seed coat dormancy-a hard seed coat does not allow water to penetrate (Redbud, locust). Scarification-breaking of the seed coat (fire, insects, digestion, fungi, mechanically or with chemicals. Embryo dormancy-seeds must go through a chilling period before germinating (elm, witch hazel) Stratification is used storing seeds in moist medium at temperatures between 320 and 500F.

  9. Monocot Seed Parts http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/pss1321/web%20Topics/cpa2.htm

  10. Hypogeal Emergence Iowa State University http//maize.agron.iastate.edu/images/corn/fig1.gif

  11. Iowa State University http//maize.agron.iastate.edu/images/corn/fig1.gif

  12. Dicot Seed Parts http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/pss1321/web%20Topics/cpa2.htm

  13. The seedsite.co.uk/seedparts.html

  14. http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/pss1321/web%20Topics/cpa2.htm

  15. http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/pss1321/web%20Topics/cpa2.htm

  16. Epigeal Emergence Iowa State University http//www.extension.iastate.edu/pages/hancock/agriculture/soybean/bean_develop/emergence.html

  17. Epigeal Emergence HypogealEmergence Mrs. Killough s AP Biology Class www.flashnet/~ben8403/seedanat.html

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